tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52245451664300628062024-03-14T00:29:09.281-04:00From John Kehoe's CellIn 1875 John Kehoe said: “the Ancient Order of Hibernians is a chartered organization,
recognized by the commonwealth, and composed of men who are law-abiding, and seek the elevation of their members. … nothing can be more unjust than to charge the order
with any acts of lawlessness.” This blog argues for the innocence of many, if not all, of the AOH men prosecuted as “Molly Maguires” in the Pennsylvania coal fields in the 1870s on evidence supplied by the Pinkerton agency.Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.comBlogger48125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-42136468039565847142020-01-21T10:13:00.002-05:002022-11-01T13:33:19.296-04:00Rebutting the Canon<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14pt;">The
paper titled “REBUTTING THE CANON,” posted to the right at the top of the essay
collection, traces the use of the “Molly Maguire” epithet by nativist editors
from the 1850s to the 1870s and the subsequent effort by “Molly Maguire”
prosecutors to embed the taunt in both the national consciousness and the
historical canon. I am scheduled to deliver highlights from this paper on April 2 at the national meeting of the American Conference for Irish Studies (ACIS) at
Houston, hosted by the University of St. Thomas William J. Flynn Center for Irish Studies. The paper also traces the term’s influence on subsequent works, including those
of J. Walter Coleman, Wayne Broehl Jr., and most recently, Kevin Kenny. In the
late 1960s the term’s influence flowed to film when the Pinkerton Agency
obtained script approval for Martin Ritt’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Molly Maguires</i>, with Sean Connery portraying John Kehoe. The
paper also documents rebuttals of “Molly Maguire” propaganda, including Philip Foner's rebuttal from 1947.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;">The column at the tab “JOHN KEHOE,” located above, has been updated. It gives a description of Kehoe’s
execution at Pottsville Jail, including the ministrations of the six Roman Catholic nuns and two
priests who comforted the condemned man.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;">Apologies
to all who have tried to connect with me through Facebook. As my book titled <i>The Passion of John Kehoe and the Myth of the "Molly Maguires"</i> nears completion, I hope to become more responsive.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;">A.
Flaherty</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;"><i>Note: The April 2020 ACIS meeting in Houston was cancelled due to concerns over the coronavirus outbreak.</i></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-5590996856308260022019-09-15T13:42:00.005-04:002019-09-16T19:49:14.949-04:00Presentations and Thanks<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Thanks to Bob Wolensky and Bode Morin for their
recent program “Episodes in Anthracite Labor History,” held at Scranton’s
Anthracite Heritage Museum, and for including my discussion of the “Molly
Maguires” in that program.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A belated thanks to the American Conference for
Irish Studies (ACIS) for including my presentation in programs for their national meetings at University College Cork in
2018 and Boston in 2019.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">My upcoming presentations include the annual
meeting of the Pennsylvania Historical Association, hosted by Indiana
University of Pennsylvania.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On October
19, 2019, I will present the paper “Pennsylvania’s ‘Molly Maguires’: Fact vs.
Fiction.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At Scranton, thanks to Bob for his reference to
Adam Smith’s admonition on the perils of monopoly. Thanks to Lucia Dailey,
prior to the Scranton program, for recounting to me the details of the
commemoration of the anniversary of the Avondale Mine Disaster, where more than
one hundred mine workers perished from asphyxiation. Lucia’s recollection included this
quote from an attendant at the event: “They knew
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Anne Flaherty</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-56334922793517860072017-10-23T12:33:00.000-04:002017-10-24T15:10:50.592-04:00ACIS-West - Spokane<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
warm thanks to the conference committee of ACIS-West for their unanimous
acceptance of my proposal for inclusion in the 33<sup>rd</sup> annual
meeting of the American Conference for Irish Studies-Western Regional, held in
October 2017 in Spokane, Washington. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
theme of the conference was “Ireland, Irish America, and Work.” Vice-consul
John Callaghan, of the <span style="color: #424242; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Consulate
General</span><span style="color: #424242;"> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ireland</span> in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">San Francisco,
spoke of the need for Irish Studies programs to both explore our culture
and to “help other cultures know who we are.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
paper, “Pennsylvania’s ‘Molly Maguires’: Fact vs. Fiction,” can be viewed in
the essay collection posted here. It describes the efforts of Pennsylvania’s
Hibernians hanged as “Molly Maguires.” Men of faith condemned to death in
illegal trials, they used legal channels to advocate on behalf of the
oppressed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Anne
Flaherty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-14604645765688009702016-12-18T07:57:00.000-05:002017-09-01T12:07:47.741-04:00Honoring History at Bucknell University<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">By A. Flaherty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A Noontime Presentation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOZSCo_jUR2QuvMI-1W5BZy1M9zGL-P41ONVJcE7VilwBtq1G4rl3onAj9_TnJ8yj_SKmX0uCtZ3N-Tdz50RIX6rvubifefhNKMA7yX7ZOKqp2hCPl8LnittgjC5cSug53yeVMA-ebQE/s1600/COAL-COLL-LOGO+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSOZSCo_jUR2QuvMI-1W5BZy1M9zGL-P41ONVJcE7VilwBtq1G4rl3onAj9_TnJ8yj_SKmX0uCtZ3N-Tdz50RIX6rvubifefhNKMA7yX7ZOKqp2hCPl8LnittgjC5cSug53yeVMA-ebQE/s200/COAL-COLL-LOGO+001.jpg" width="198" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 39.0pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">n November 17, 2016, in the Atrium
Lobby at Bucknell University’s Weis Center, an event took place as part of the
university’s “Coal Collections” series that may help change the way a chapter of U.S. history is interpreted. </span><span style="color: #002290; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Early visitors to the program titled
“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Molly
Maguires in the Pennsylvania Coal Region” found an array of sofas arranged
before a mounted display. A large blow-up, a number of feet high, of a
black-and-white photo taken of alleged “Molly” leader John Kehoe shortly before
his execution gave a hint as to how the event might proceed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Presenters
had evidently expected a small group. As the minutes ticked by, more and more
attendees appeared. Helpers rolled forward carts loaded with folding chairs to
seat the crowd that eventually numbered more than two hundred. Older community
members commingled with students who came to hear the presentation. The scent
of onions from the “hand pies” offered as a sample of coal region food lingered
in the glass-enclosed room. It seemed almost impossible that this gracious
setting would host a civil discussion of events that had so convulsed the
commonwealth a century and a half before.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">English professor and Joyce scholar
John Rickard, a possible relative of alleged “Molly Maguire” Michael Lawler
(also spelled Lawlor), opened the program. Rickard distributed a handout with
samples of nineteenth-century nativist cartoons. These included Thomas Nast’s
“The Usual Way of Doing Things,” with its ape-faced Irishman astride a keg of
gunpowder, brandishing a whiskey bottle in one hand and a shillelagh in the
other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyDjiAzqczuTFyJbwRu3GR3rD6HG1gUTVnvUHzvP4kQ9qdGhS0AHnapJJ6DnJpuLSU1Wt9z6wnIFtwlsVyys8brQJ_PFO32PKR_3iGeTNKYzGanJcs4kNbj7s1KP4DDqN-1FjEITT35Uo/s1600/NAST-USUAL+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyDjiAzqczuTFyJbwRu3GR3rD6HG1gUTVnvUHzvP4kQ9qdGhS0AHnapJJ6DnJpuLSU1Wt9z6wnIFtwlsVyys8brQJ_PFO32PKR_3iGeTNKYzGanJcs4kNbj7s1KP4DDqN-1FjEITT35Uo/s320/NAST-USUAL+001.jpg" width="299" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The remarks of Rickard and
co-presenter Adrian Mulligan, chair of the Geography Department, took up the
better part of the program. Both offered cogent assessments of this
fantastically complex and controversial slice of U.S. and Irish American history.
In his opening remarks, Rickard recommended the work of Kevin Kenny, the most
recent academic scholar to address Pennsylvania’s “Molly Maguire” conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rickard’s description of Irish
immigration to the United States included a discussion of both nineteenth-century
nativist attitudes and the dangers suffered by Irish American laborers that led
to eventual unionization, a logical outcome of historical Irish resistance.
Rickard, whose ancestor Lawler had served as delegate to both 1871 Grand
Council union arbitration proceedings at Mauch Chunk and 1875 anti-monopoly
efforts at Harrisburg, spoke of the infiltration by Pinkerton detectives of the
Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH) in the Pennsylvania coalfields, and the
resulting prosecution and execution of many AOH men as alleged “Mollies.”
Rickard also addressed the Pinkerton influence on the writing of this history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mulligan, a native of Ireland, detailed
the challenges shared by ethnic groups from different parts of the globe,
including Chinese laborers and Irish American immigrants. The geography
professor also spoke of the need for current scholars to learn from past
history, in particular from the echoes of nineteenth-century inequities on
current growing economic disparity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">From John Kehoe’s Cell<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 41.0pt;">I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>first learned of the scheduled Bucknell
presentation from friends who live in Bloomsburg. I subsequently contacted John
Rickard and advised him of my research, in particular the essay collection
posted from September through November 2016 to this blog,<i> From John
Kehoe’s Cell</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Both Rickard and Adrian Mulligan
paused midway through their presentations to acknowledge my contributions. Both
referred to my position as a “Molly” descendant and to the scholarship
contained in the work posted to the blog, which includes documentation showing that
prior to their arrests, a number of Hibernians charged as “Mollies” had been elected
as school directors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In his concluding remarks, Mulligan
spoke of the need to share these findings with today’s students. Rickard had mentioned a number of times during his remarks that winners usually
write the history. He concluded: “Now the descendants are writing the history.”
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Kehoe Foundation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7vCNj0SlBH4ezUWTCGn0aZcPS1-qnmdePwC6soX544tuQZAvYl0mE_SLEG8hnwhhcriAgi_MoGG0DO1HzP9DX-dLXR18M7d1z-MY8cQmL6ZKf0YrrA2cMXm0amXxI2VmXSO3ciQfrEY/s1600/HARP-SMALL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7vCNj0SlBH4ezUWTCGn0aZcPS1-qnmdePwC6soX544tuQZAvYl0mE_SLEG8hnwhhcriAgi_MoGG0DO1HzP9DX-dLXR18M7d1z-MY8cQmL6ZKf0YrrA2cMXm0amXxI2VmXSO3ciQfrEY/s1600/HARP-SMALL.jpg" /></a></div>
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<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
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<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32.15pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 2; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; page-break-after: avoid;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 40.0pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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careful study of Pennsylvania’s
“Molly Maguire” conflict yields innumerable echoes of today’s challenges, from
the dangers of unbridled nativist rhetoric to the perils associated with fake
news to the potentially tragic effects of corporate, political, judicial, and clerical abuse of
power.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 2013, I formed the Kehoe
Foundation, with interested individuals, as a 501c3 research foundation. Its
goals include education into the intricacies of Pennsylvania’s “Molly Maguire”
conflict to help inform and illuminate current scenarios—educational,
political, and cultural. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 19px;">
<i>This post was revised on September 1, 2017.</i><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><!--EndFragment--></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-30060648744323186992016-09-24T15:31:00.000-04:002017-09-01T12:12:08.990-04:00Essay Collection<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 41pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">R</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">eaders
are invited to browse the collection of essays posted here.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">Who Was John Kehoe?</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> documents finds from my travels to libraries and archives in five states. My family's long-held belief in John Kehoe's innocence and in the political nature of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">Molly Maguire</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> conflict guided this search.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“Jug-Handled Justice</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">” describes railroad president Franklin Gowen</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">’</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">s usurpation of Pennsylvania's criminal justice system for the duration of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“Molly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">” trials.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> At this essay's conclusion John Elliott, the attorney who helped secure John Kehoe's 1979 posthumous pardon, gives a summation of Gowen</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">’</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">s actions.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">‘Mollies</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">’ Were Also School Directors</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">” gives the background of five Hibernians prosecuted as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">“Mollies</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">” who served in office as school directors. This piece also documents a resurgent tide of nativist feeling that manifested in the northeastern United States in the early 1870s.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Pennsylvania’s ‘Molly Maguires’: The Surprising Western
Caseload,”</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> describes the “Molly” caseload in three western Pennsylvania
counties. This effort from 1878 to 1882 involved dozens of defendants, but yielded few convictions and no executions.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The ‘Molly Maguires’ and the National Labor Union” </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">describes the relationship between alleged “Molly” Patrick Hester and Richard
Trevellick, president during the early 1870s of the National Labor Union, a
countrywide coalition of tradesmen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;">‘Molly Kings’</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px;"> and Greenback Labor Reform” describes the
role of Hibernians charged as “Mollies” in a progressive nineteenth-century financial
reform effort. In particular, this essay discusses the relationship between Kehoe
and U.S. Congressman John Killinger, a vocal proponent of Greenback Labor
Reform efforts in the early 1870s.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The tab labeled “JOHN KEHOE,” located above, offers a bio for Schuylkill County’s AOH delegate.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Newspapers
archived through the Library of Congress “Chronicling America” website helped
inform this body of work.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A.
Flaherty</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>This post was revised on September 1, 2017.</i></span></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-19239181807241014422016-04-11T14:28:00.000-04:002017-09-01T10:48:42.271-04:00Pennsylvania's Sons of Liberty<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">During
the 1870s, rhetoric from Irishmen in Pennsylvania’s hard coal region <span style="color: #1d1d1d;">arose from two towns</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">—Mount Carmel and Tamaqua</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">—that housed taverns or homes of Hibernians later charged as "Molly Maguires." At its most poetic, that speech invoked the American Revolution.</span><br />
<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In late winter 1875, John
Shanahan, a Northumberland County union man, spoke out against
the British stockholders of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. "</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They
pay their presiding officer $25,000 per year, and that man, once poor and
penniless, says [less than] $1.25 per day is too much for labor!," Shanahan
said of railroad president Franklin Gowen, who later conducted the "Molly" trials. Of the newsmen’s ongoing hostility
toward mineworkers, Shanahan said: "They forget we are men; that we are only
resisting powerful corporations and a moneyed aristocracy." </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Shanahan aired his protests in New York's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Irish World</i> in advance of his attendance at the Anti-Monopoly Convention held that
March in Harrisburg. He wrote from Mount Carmel, where Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH) officer and alleged "Molly" Patrick Hester kept a home, and a few miles from Locust Gap, site of Hester's Junction House. Like many alleged "Mollies" who kept hotels or taverns, Hester served in political office</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">—as tax collector, township supervisor, school director, and overseer of the poor</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">—for many years.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">Thirty
miles east of Hester's home town, Jack O’Brien of Tamaqua wrote a poem to
rouse the anti-monopolists. "You sons of liberty awake," O’Brien’s poem began. "Your hearths and altars are at stake." </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">America's "sons of liberty" hailed back to 1765 and debates over the Stamp Act. British parliamentarian Isaac Barr</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">é</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"> used the term to describe colonists who
opposed British rule. Barr</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">é, an Irish soldier and politician of French descent, declared that </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">British
oppression had "planted" the revolutionaries in America. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">In Boston, the group gathered at
the Green Dragon Tavern. On the night of December 16, 1773, "Sons of Liberty" under Samuel Adams walked into the annals of history when they
dumped a cargo of British tea into Boston Harbor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 20.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">A century later, Pennsylvania’s miners protested "the tyrant’s" monopolization of the coal trade. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Of the poet Jack O’Brien’s address to the anti-monopolists at Harrisburg,
a newsman said: "</span>He … poured out such a strain of narration and melody
that the whole house gave up its rigid tactics and exchanged business for
jollity. … He pictured in language of the purest Celtic all the wiles and
misdoing of monopolies, corporations and politicians."</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">Of O'Brien's address at Harrisburg, only his poem remains:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">You sons of liberty awake,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Your hearths and altars are at stake;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Arise, arise, for freedom’s sake,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And strike against monopoly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Your American eagle is [not] dead,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Again his giant wings are spread<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">To sweep upon the tyrant’s head,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And down with usurping monopoly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What soul but scorns the coward slave;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But liberty is for the brave;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our cry be Union or the grave,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And down with usurping monopoly.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The views of Shanahan and O'Brien at Harrisburg reflected those of tens of thousands of workingmen in
Pennsylvania and, per their convention, "the one hundred thousand voters whom
it represents." At the convention, the greatest representation of miners came from Pennsylvania’s Carbon, Columbia, Luzerne, Northumberland, and
Schuylkill counties. Within the next four years, those five counties would hold "Molly Maguire" executions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">"Our cry be Union or the grave," O’Brien said. He penned his poem from Tamaqua, home to alleged "Molly" and Labor Reformer James Carroll. Before his
execution, Carroll owned a Tamaqua hotel he christened "Union Hotel." </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">Less than
four years after the miners held their Harrisburg convention, a Roman Catholic cemetery in Tamaqua served as the burial site for
John Kehoe, alleged "King of the Mollies." During the attendant trauma
of twenty-one "Molly" executions in five counties in two years,
anti-monopoly fervor died, along with the rhetoric that
roused a hundred thousand voters.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">Of Carroll's execution, Kehoe said from Pottsville Jail: "'I'm sorrier for Carroll than any man I ever knew. He was a decent man and was raised up to decency and ought not to have been hung on such men's evidence."</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 19px;">From Pottsville Jail, Kehoe carried forward the "sons of liberty" theme. "'British gold was poured into his coffers,'" Kehoe told a reporter of Gowen's efforts to monopolize the hard coal trade. Of Gowen's character, Kehoe said, "'His whole course as president of the Reading road has shown him to be a man of such grasping tendencies that no obstacle, however sacred, was ever allowed to interpose between him and his end.'"</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "cambria";"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "cambria";"><i>This post was revised on September 1, 2017.</i></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-35891393809951947242015-11-23T15:28:00.000-05:002017-09-01T17:03:53.131-04:00The Mahanoy City Miners and the Poor of the Cities<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkMCsSNgY5DmR-6vNti74JRrBcNTegSRJc2IY71FE0B91ocaut_Ebpi_pzS6-pYKTldTwz76OC5mSWAopjbpFij3lX7tkcNs8iIAnjnCMqwEdy373l45ou-WvpFBEo_Y94RbG2GtWpxA/s1600/harp-banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="91" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikkMCsSNgY5DmR-6vNti74JRrBcNTegSRJc2IY71FE0B91ocaut_Ebpi_pzS6-pYKTldTwz76OC5mSWAopjbpFij3lX7tkcNs8iIAnjnCMqwEdy373l45ou-WvpFBEo_Y94RbG2GtWpxA/s1600/harp-banner.png" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On March 11, 1871, officers from
Pennsylvania’s Ancient </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Order of Hibernians (AOH), an Irish Catholic benevolent
order, filed a revised charter with the state legislature. Some evidence suggests that AOH officers later charged as “Mollies” helped with this chartering. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The new charter's introduction included this sentiment: “the Supreme Being has implanted in our natures tender
sympathies and most humane feeling towards our fellow creatures in distress,
and all the happiness that human nature is capable of enjoying must flow and
terminate in the love of God and our fellow creatures.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The same month that AOH officers filed
the revised charter, miners in Mahanoy City, a heavily Irish town in the
heart of the hard coal region, published a resolution. A report drafted by Pinkerton operative James McParlan, working undercover a few years later for railroad president Franklin Gowen, gives some clues</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> to the miners’ motivation. In early 1875, McParlan gave Gowen a count of four hundred-fifty
AOH men in Schuylkill County. Four hundred, he stated, were union
men—members of the Workingmen’s Benevolent Association (WBA). Mahanoy City housed
Irish miners who held combined AOH lodge and WBA union membership.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Of AOH officers later charged as
“Mollies,” one had strong family ties to Mahanoy City in 1871. Former coal
miner John Kehoe, the father of three at the time, kept a hotel there. Kehoe’s two grown
brothers, both mine laborers, lived in town with their parents. Kehoe’s father Joseph, a mineworker, served over the
years both as township supervisor for Mahanoy City and as town constable. John
would hold the post of high constable in subsequent years in Girardville.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Mahanoy City miners’ resolution
issued from WBA District Five. It addressed the ongoing mineworkers’ strike and the resulting hardship in securing coal. It declared:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“That we, the miners and laborers of
this district, hearing that the poor of the Cities of Philadelphia and New York
are suffering for the want of coal, will give one or two days’ labor in the
mines, free gratis, for the purpose of supplying coal for their pressing need,
provided that the operators will give the use of their collieries, and the
railroad companies will transport the same free.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In March 1871, Pennsylvania’s newly
revised AOH charter spoke to “humane feeling towards our fellow creatures in
distress.” That same month, miners in Mahanoy City, a heavily Irish town and
home to future AOH county delegate John Kehoe, offered to work “free gratis”—without pay—to supply the urban poor with coal during wage disputes.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The miners’ offer to supply coal to the
poor depended on the matching largesse of the railroads. That winter Franklin
Gowen, president of the region’s largest carrier, doubled, and then tripled,
his freight rates—an act so outrageous, Governor John Geary called for a
legislative investigation into the rate increase. Gowen’s action helped derail the miners’ offer to the
poor. The <i>New York Herald </i>declared Gowen's intervention in the legislative investigation </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;">“one of the most barefaced frauds that has [ever] characterized the Pennsylvania Legislature.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;"> Four years later, Gowen broke the miners’ union.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The language of the AOH charter, its
filing the same month that the miners offered their resolution, and future AOH delegate Kehoe's ties to Mahanoy City suggest that the AOH charter and the miners' resolution flowed from the same spring. In late winter 1871, Christian
ideology informed
industrial action in Pennsylvania’s hard coal region.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Two and a half years after the AOH filed
its revised charter, Gowen brought McParlan into the
coalfields. Nine murders followed within a two-year period. Those murders drove
Gowen’s early “Molly Maguire” prosecutions.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A few weeks before McParlan entered the region, newspapers in Boston circulated a letter allegedly written from Mahanoy City. It described the town as one of the scenes of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;">“dark deeds of the Mollies,” subject to </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;">“a perfect reign of terror by the gang."</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One Mahanoy City priest challenged the image of his town as a hotbed of terrorism. “I have resided and officiated in this
town for four years, and have yet to discover the existence of such a society,
much less a single member of such an organization as the ‘Molly Maguires,’” Father
Charles McFadden told the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York
Herald </i>in late 1874. “On the contrary, the people are peaceable,
intelligent and law-abiding. … I had charge of souls in Philadelphia and
elsewhere, and I must, in justice, say that the people of Mahanoy City are as
pious and good citizens as ever I met with.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>This post was revised on September 1, 2017.</i></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-88226996100234003362015-10-12T08:04:00.000-04:002017-09-05T12:41:52.957-04:00The "Molly Maguires" and the Yellow Press<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By A. Flaherty</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When reporters for James Gordon Bennett Jr.'s <i>New York Herald </i>stayed with the facts, they left behind some valuable clues into Pennsylvania's “Molly Maguire” events. Some of my best leads came from <i>Herald </i>reporters. One column described railroad president Franklin Gowen's intervention in legislative proceedings as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“one the most barefaced frauds that has [ever] characterized the Pennsylvania Legislature.” A second described the contents of John Kehoe's cell on the morning of his execution, including documents that illuminate the Irishman's ideology.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">But the <i>Herald's</i> Gilded Age publisher, Bennett, was evidently a law unto himself. His exploits included late-night nude horse-drawn carriage rides. A drunken episode at the family home of Bennett's fiance ended with him, by varying accounts, urinating either into the fireplace or into the grand piano. The stunt caused a duel and ended Bennett's engagement.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sometimes Bennett's reporters strayed into fantasia. These scenarios ranged from fictional </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly Maguire” outrages in Pennsylvania to a fictional outbreak of wild animals at Central Park Zoo.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On November 9, 1874, the <i>Herald </i>published an article headlined: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“AWFUL CALAMITY. The Wild Animals Broken Loose From Central Park.” It told of
‘TERRIBLE SCENES OF MUTILIATION,” “A Shocking Sabbath Carnival of Death. SAVAGE BRUTES AT LARGE ... THE KILLED AND WOUNDED ... PROCLAMATION BY THE MAYOR.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The <i>Herald</i> offered specifics: forty-nine people
killed, but only twenty-seven identified. Twelve man-eating beasts still on the loose. It named victims,
including an “unfortunate sewing girl,” along with the address of the precinct
house that held her body. Escaped animals included “Lincoln, the Numidian lion,” a
rhinoceros, a puma, a black wolf, and a Bengal tiger. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Three regiments had been called out to fight the wild beasts.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At the article's end, it declared itself fiction. Not everyone read to the end. Some,
convinced the mayor had declared a state of emergency, locked their doors and stayed home. Others, brandishing pistols, rushed out to defend their neighborhoods.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Times</i> called Bennett’s fake news a “gross outrage.” Prominent men demanded action from the district attorney. Lawyers discussed whether those responsible for the
article could be indicted for conspiracy to
defraud.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On August 4, 1874, two months before it ran the zoo hoax, the <i>Herald </i>published a similar article from Scranton, Pennsylvania. Its headline ran: “THE COAL REGIONS. General Prevalence of Riot, Robbery and Murder. BODIES HORRIBLY MUTILATED. Ku Klux Notices Served on Obnoxious Citizens. Vigilance Committees Organized.”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Like the zoo hoax, the article from Scranton described many horrors. It gave victims' names and sites of murders. It named, in particular, Luzerne and Schuylkill counties--two locales where Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH) lodges were particularly strong.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All these outrageous proceedings,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” the <i>Herald </i>said, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“are attributed to the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">‘Molly Maguires,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">’ a band of cutthroats who are said to ply their trade of robbery and murder in the mining country.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The <i>Herald </i>mentioned the Schuylkill towns of Mahanoy City and Shenandoah, noting: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Reports come in from the mountain towns that bodies are found frequently, showing the fearful brutality at the hands of fiends that roam unmolestedly the surrounding country.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”<i> </i>A <i>Herald </i>editorial published in the same edition called for vigilantism, as law and order had supposedly failed.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">AOH political activity preceded the <i>Herald's </i>report. The day before Bennett<i> </i>published the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” hoax, a Democratic nominating convention had taken place in Pottsville, county seat for Schuylkill County. Christopher Donnelly, a future school director later charged as a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> was elected that month as AOH county treasurer. At the Pottsville convention, Donnelly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> delivered 39 votes to the nomination of James Reilly, a young Irish Catholic from Schuylkill County running for U.S. Congress. With Donnelly's action, Schuylkill's AOH entered the national political arena.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“The Democratic primaries this year were captured, swept from their moorings by a tidal wave of Irish national feeling and bias, created by the candidacy of Mr. Reilly,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” a Shenandoah paper declared. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“The young Irish American element of the Democratic party, who, for the past few years, has been coquetting with the Labor Reform movement ... adopted him as their protege ... Mr. Reilly's friends were in the majority and controlled the convention.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As AOH influence grew, so did newspaper accounts tying the Irishmen to supposed </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” activity.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> “The criminal classes,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” Bennett's <i>Herald </i>said the day after after Reilly's nomination, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“have the power to control all elections in the coal country.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” Schuylkill County housed the coal region's most influential AOH lodge. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Hibernians who elected Donnelly as their treasurer in 1874 also elected John Kehoe </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">as county delegate. Kehoe, later hanged as a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” served at the time as high constable for Girardville. In 1872, he had placed his name in consideration for state assembly.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In early November, Reilly won the federal congressional seat. A few days later, on the same day the <i>Herald </i>published the zoo hoax, Bennett ran a second column on Pennsylvania's </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Mollies.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” This headline ran: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“THE MOLLY MAGUIRES. The Lawlessness in Pennsylvania--Brigands Infesting City and Country--Cruel Murders and Robberies--Ku-Klux Outrages.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By November 1874, undercover Pinkerton operative James McParlan had been in the coal region for a little over a year. This time, the <i>Herald </i>embedded two recent murders--actual murders--in its report of fictional </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">atrocities: those of John Reilly at Wilkes-Barre and George Major at Mahanoy City.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">With coal region violence on the rise, AOH electoral gains, including the celebration of James Reilly's congressional seat, were lost in the upcoming press clamor against </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly Maguire</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” terrorism. Within the next four years, the same town that hosted Reilly's nominating convention would witness seven more regional murders, all ascribed to the shadowy </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly Maguires.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">”</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> Pottsville would hold nine </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly Maguire</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” hangings of AOH men. Testimony from Pinkerton operative McParlan, accused by defense counsel as a murderer, would help hang all of these Irish Catholic men.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The <i>Herald </i>published yet another column in November 1874. Originating from Mahanoy City, its headline read: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“CRIME IN THE COAL FIELDS. Horrible deeds of the Molly Maguires. Women Outraged in the Streets.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” A local priest wrote back in protest. But </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly Maguire</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” columns sold a lot of newspapers. The torrent of print rushed on undisturbed.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The <i>New York Times</i>, the <i>New York Sun</i>, diocesan newspapers in Boston, Erie, Philadelphia, and New York, and newspapers in Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and the coal region all labeled influential Irish American politicians, long before their arrests as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Mollies,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” as banded terrorists. Though the Irishmen's goals included keeping seven-year-old boys in classrooms and out of slate-picking rooms, the reporters</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">’</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Molly</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">” coverage helped sway coal region juries.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The year of Pottsville's mass executions, Bennett moved to Paris. In
the 1890s, still in control of the<i> Herald</i>, the publisher moved his paper<i> </i>from lower Manhattan to Midtown. Stanford
White designed the new building. It became the heart of Herald Square. When asked why he secured only a
thirty-year lease, Bennett replied: “‘Thirty years
from now the <i>Herald </i>will be in
Harlem, and I’ll be in hell!’”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>A former version of this post appeared under the title "The Herald Seduces the Public." The post was last revised on September 5, 2017.</i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">
<!--EndFragment--></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-30796895661376302902015-09-01T09:33:00.000-04:002015-09-01T09:33:06.173-04:00The Enduring Power of Nativism<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Nativist rhetoric in the
United States, culled from a </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYMxpH_1oLnsVUn3YCsSTS8kuvaTnFKoQMcwxws8VgEA70OhvqlpkVw32ysNFJETMoqauQ0KKxsG02OW0hq5ZIQVnuSMRX7NoTgD45iMrSShJnuw65HzkwxFL_-9nBgTdkaMVReLXFk9U/s1600/harp-banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYMxpH_1oLnsVUn3YCsSTS8kuvaTnFKoQMcwxws8VgEA70OhvqlpkVw32ysNFJETMoqauQ0KKxsG02OW0hq5ZIQVnuSMRX7NoTgD45iMrSShJnuw65HzkwxFL_-9nBgTdkaMVReLXFk9U/s1600/harp-banner.png" /></a></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">vocabulary of hatred, fear, intimidation, and
exclusion, reverberates in weird echoes across the centuries.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“We do not accept Jews,
because they reject Christ!” the fictionalized character Clayton Townley ranted
in Alan Parker’s 1988 film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mississippi
Burning</i>. “We do not accept Papists, because they bow to a Roman dictator!
We do not accept Turks, Mongrels, Tartars, Orientals nor Negroes because we are
here to protect Anglo-Saxon democracy and the American way!”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parker’s film dramatized
the deaths of the three Civil Rights workers killed in Neshoba County, Mississippi,
on the night of June 21, 1964. The bodies of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and
Michael Schwerner remained undiscovered until early August 1964. Their efforts to
register African Americans as voters during “Freedom Summer” led to their
murders.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Eighty-seven years before
to the day, on June 21, 1877, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania hanged the first
eleven of an eventual twenty-one Irish Catholic men for alleged “Molly Maguire”
crimes. Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH) officer Patrick Hester died on the
gallows in March 1878.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Before his arrest Hester,
a grandfather and former school director, township supervisor, tax collector,
and overseer of the poor, had worked for the naturalization and enfranchisement
of Irish Catholic mineworkers. An editor, horrified at Hester’s efforts toward suffrage at the
local courthouse, described Hester as “one of the acknowledged
leaders of what is called the Democratic party in the Coal region, who with a
number of his countrymen … just arrived from the temple of Justice, where they
had been invested with the rights of citizenship …”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The editor warned: “Let
native and Protestant American citizens ponder before they surrender their
dearest rights to the rule of the Pope, or to the aggressions of the agents of
foreign potentates.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In Mississippi in 1964,
the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan drove the murders of Civil Rights
workers. During the “Molly” trials in the mid-1870s, nativist lodges
honeycombed Pennsylvania’s hard coal region. They went under cover of
patriotic-sounding names.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A few weeks after the June
21 executions, a correspondent from Mahanoy City, a heavily Irish area, wrote
to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boston Pilot</i>: “… we have got
the ‘Junior Sons of America,’ ‘Mechanics,’ and many other secret societies,
calling themselves Young Americans. The ‘Junior’ boys tell their fathers that <i>they
</i>have not the same right here as [their sons] have, because they were not born in
this country.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Two Pinkerton agents who
drove the “Molly” caseload, James McParlan and Robert Linden, took up residence
in towns that housed prominent nativist factions. McParlan lodged in
Shenandoah, home to Washington Camp No. 112 of the Patriotic Order Sons of
America. The year
after McParlan entered the region, Shenandoah formed a secret society under this disturbing name: “Sons of America, Shenandoah Commandery No. 14, Master Americans.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Linden, McParlan’s
supervisor, lodged in Ashland, home to Ashland Camp No. 84 of the Patriotic
Order Sons of America. The Ashland division housed a subdivision with another troubling name: the “White Degree council.” The
possible influence of McParlan and Linden with these groups has never been investigated.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">At the issuance of the
“Molly” death warrants in May 1877, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shenandoah
Herald</i> published a column under the jocular heading “Girardville Giblets.” It carried a bald nativist taunt: “All our peace and order loving citizens were made happy this
evening on the appearance of the Herald, containing the information that a
beginning was to be made at disposing of the ‘Mollie’ murderers. All were happy
to know that Governor Hartranft had determined to enforce the law, and that in
the future, as at the present, ‘Mollieism’ has got to take a back seat, while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">white men say what shall be done.”</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A half-decade before, the
editor who so feared the enfranchisement of regional Irish Catholics had urged: “Every
opponent of the Irish supremacy in this county should make it a point to
examine the list and see if he is registered. … If the full vote is brought out
the result will be a complete overthrow of that faction which is attempting to
bind our county hand and foot to the Irish power.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Within eight years of that
publication, nativist rhetoric had helped destroy the power of “that faction.” The AOH in Pennsylvania’s hard coal
region was broken. Its leaders had died on gallows in five counties, sat
serving long prison sentences, or had long since fled the region.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">To further explore the history of Pennsylvania’s
Hibernians prosecuted as “Molly Maguires,” visit </span></i><a href="http://www.kehoefoundation.org/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">www.kehoefoundation.org</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-63691315240188259952015-07-08T10:11:00.000-04:002015-08-02T09:54:21.813-04:00Pennsylvania's Hibernians and the Clergy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Roman Catholic clergy figured prominently in Pennsylvania’s</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5GKk4sEZrVCLFyNj8FApoNHP2GwWVBwoNpC3HWq_yBfCFsIiIHlx2ai89o86WuGGsJeQZr8SUGQ40oe3kBTgcNu9fTLLVI7qyA-usJ88fmpdS-eTGb70LgPa8QZO01M2k1UkVKYeJFHw/s1600/harp-banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5GKk4sEZrVCLFyNj8FApoNHP2GwWVBwoNpC3HWq_yBfCFsIiIHlx2ai89o86WuGGsJeQZr8SUGQ40oe3kBTgcNu9fTLLVI7qyA-usJ88fmpdS-eTGb70LgPa8QZO01M2k1UkVKYeJFHw/s1600/harp-banner.png" /></a></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> “Molly Maguire” prosecutions. During
the 1870s, Archbishop James Frederick Wood of Philadelphia, Bishop Jeremiah
Shanahan of Harrisburg, Bishop Tobias Mullen of Erie, Father Daniel McDermott
of New Philadelphia, Father Joseph Koch of Shamokin, Father Daniel O’Connor of
Mahanoy Plane, Father Joseph Bridgeman of Girardville, and many more, massed
together to declare Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH) men and alleged “Molly
Maguire” terrorists one and the same. Archbishop John Williams of Boston,
Cardinal John McCloskey of New York, and Archbishop Patrick Ryan of St. Louis joined with Pennsylvania’s clergy in condemning the AOH men.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The clerics published their views in diocesan newspapers from Boston
to New York to Philadelphia to Erie. Press coverage in the eastern cities
echoed the clerics’ views and prepared the ground for the trials to come.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">John Kehoe, AOH delegate for Schuylkill County executed in 1878 and
posthumously pardoned in 1979, tried to cut through the resulting clamor. In
fall 1875, from his seat as Girardville's high constable, Kehoe wrote to a
local editor to protest the press’s conflation of the AOH with the “Molly
Maguire” label.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Kehoe said: “… the Ancient Order of Hibernians … is a chartered
organization, recognized by the commonwealth, and composed of men who are
law-abiding and seek the elevation of their members. … Now, nothing can be more
unjust than to charge the order with any acts of lawlessness, and nothing can
be more inconsistent with the wishes of the people than the agitation of this
matter by the leading papers of this country. The articles which have appeared on
this matter have done an incalculable amount of harm, and, as a friend to law
and order, I <i>would </i>advise their cessation.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">A few hardy clerics supported the AOH and the mineworkers’ cause. Just
months before Kehoe wrote his letter from Girardville, Father James Brehony of
St. Joseph’s Church in Summit Hill joined forces on behalf of the mineworkers
with Thomas Fisher, AOH Carbon County delegate subsequently hanged as a
“Molly.” The priest and the AOH delegate sat down together with Charles
Parrish, director of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, to negotiate the
wage issue.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Their meeting proved
unsuccessful. The following year, Fisher sat in Mauch Chunk Jail, charged with
an alleged “Molly Maguire” crime. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">By January 1877 numerous AOH leaders, including Fisher and Kehoe, had been
imprisoned, tried, and convicted. Within months, they would be sentenced to death. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">By February 1877, mineworkers’
wages had fallen to such a point fathers were unable to feed their families.
Father Brehony organized a “Catholic colony” movement, in his words, “to enable
Catholics who wish to leave the coal regions, to form a colony and thus avoid
the disadvantages of separate removal to a distant part of the county.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">A reporter for Archbishop Wood’s diocesan
newspaper described the mineworkers’ plight: “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Removal or starvation are the alternatives that now stare thousands of
the coal region broadly in the face. The expectation of bettering their
condition there, of even obtaining a decent livelihood for themselves and their
families is plainly hopeless.” The wages now being paid the men “simply place
them in a condition of slow starvation …”</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">At the height of the “Molly” trials, an unnamed priest from Ohio
addressed a group of Hibernians in Philadelphia. This priest shared Father
Brehony’s passion and his willingness to confront those in authority. The
unnamed priest gave a scathing assessment of Archbishop Wood’s actions against
the AOH. Newspapers in
Philadelphia and Shenandoah refused to give this priest’s name, his parish, or
the name of his bishop. They identified him only as “connected with a prominent
church in Ohio.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The unidentified priest “denounced the action of Archbishop Wood in
anathematizing the Ancient Order of Hibernians, and held that the members are
the most fervent supporters of the Catholic faith.” Of Archbishop Wood's order
of excommunication against AOH men in the Philadelphia diocese, the Ohio priest
told Hibernians assembled in Philadelphia: “My bishop, through the official organ of
his diocese, pronounced the action of the Philadelphia hierarchy as an
injustice that was only worthy of the despot of Russia.”</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Of
the wholesale identification of the AOH with alleged “Molly Maguire” violence,
the unnamed priest from Ohio concluded:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> “The movement against you is a Know Nothing
strike at every Irish organization, and every man concerned in it deserves to
be loaded with execration.”</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>To further explore this history, visit www.kehoefoundation.org.</i></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-58402988346197550252015-05-22T08:42:00.000-04:002015-06-09T08:26:45.047-04:00From Hamden to Litchfield: A Trail of History<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As its name
suggests, Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum at Quinnipiac University, dedicated </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">on
September 28, 2012, seeks to inform the public of the causes and consequences
of Ireland’s Great Hunger. A potato fungus, bad weather and an inhumane British
government policy combined from 1845 through 1852 to cause more than one
million deaths from starvation and related diseases, and the emigration of more
than two million Irish people from their native land.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A recent trip to
the museum revealed it has chosen a compelling medium to render this history:
art, executed by Irish artists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The full power
of the museum shows itself on the second floor. Formed in the shape of a ship,
it holds 20<sup>th</sup>-century artworks, along with an exhibit of 19th-century
news publications.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In John Behan’s bronze
“Famine Cart,” an emaciated horse hauls skeletons. A small-scale replica of
Behan’s “Famine Ship” shows three masts depicting the crosses of Calvary, with
skeletons as ship’s sails. Robert Ballagh’s beautiful stained-glass triptych
“An Gorta Mor” gives weight to the full cycle of events, from bucolic farm
scene to blight to eviction.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Margaret Lyster
Chamberlain’s “The Leave-Taking,” also in bronze, depicts 17 Irish people
moving toward starvation or the perils of the Atlantic crossing. For her
depiction, Chamberlain relied on photographs from Auschwitz.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">With the
technology of photography in its infancy in the mid-1800s, no known photos have
surfaced of Irish famine victims. But illustrated newspapers depicted the horrors.
The illustration of Brigid O’Donnel with her two starving children, rendered in
bronze by Behan and on display at the museum, came to symbolize the national
plight.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In Micheal
Farrell’s “Black ’47,” skeletons serve as prosecution witnesses against Charles
Trevelyan and British policy. Farrell’s work shows the legal nature of man’s
inhumanity to man. Kieran Tuohy’s “The Lonely Widow,” carved from 5,000-year-old
bog oak, hints at its antiquity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The sultan of
Turkey, depicted in Farrell’s large painting, offered Ireland <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">£</span>10,000 in famine
relief. Britain persuaded him to reduce his offering to <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">£</span>1,000 in deference to Queen Victoria, who
offered the Irish <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">£</span>2,000.
The sultan complied with Britain’s request. He then secretly sent three ships
loaded with food to the beleaguered country.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">My sojourn to
Quinnipiac was followed by a trip to Litchfield, Connecticut, where the
Litchfield Historical Society hosted the daylong program “The New America:
Discovering and Documenting the Immigrant Experience.” Grace Brady, executive
director of Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum, closed the program’s events. Brady’s
presentation included slides of the museum’s collection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The slides
included Lilian Davidson’s “Burying the Child,” its blues reminiscent of
Picasso. In Davidson’s painting, a father whose skill in digging potatoes
helped his family to thrive now uses that skill to bury his child. The mother
stands holding the baby, a study in despair. The adults in this painting who
witnessed the burial will soon find their own graves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pádraic Reaney’s
“Departure,” a haunting work in red and blue, shows skeletal figures
aboveground stalking toward death from starvation or emigration. Figures buried
below suggest Oscar Wilde’s quote: “Where there is sorrow there is holy
ground.” Brady spoke of succeeding Irish generations telling children to take
note of where they trod, and of what lay buried beneath them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Brady spoke of
the Choctaw Indians, a decade and a half after their forced march along the
“Trail of Tears,” identifying with the oppression of the Irish by the British
government. At the height of the Great Hunger in 1847 the Choctaw, in the midst
of their own privations, sent $170 to Ireland for relief efforts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Brady also spoke
of “callous neglect” on the part of the British government. She described the
use of battering rams by British soldiers to empty cottages of families, and
the “unroofing” of cottages in the midst of winter. She spoke of the desire on
the part of some in the British government to deal with “the surplus” of Irish
people, with policies that proved an effective strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Civilized
societies honor their history. The girds of civilization help mitigate even the
most unimaginable horrors. In Litchfield, the historical society that offered
the venue to explore this dark history offered a boxed lunch. Curried chicken
salad came alongside a small plate of brie, with sliced green apple and a few
pansy blossoms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The society’s
tour included a visit to St. Michael’s Episcopal Church on South Street. There,
visitors viewed the church’s stone and wood carvings chiseled by Italian immigrants.
In the warm light, the anonymous wooden faces glinted with humor and
intelligence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
transformative power of art remains one of the most enduring tools in our
collective march toward civilization. Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum owes its
existence to the vision of John Lahey, president of Quinnipiac University, and to the generosity of Murray Lender.
Without their efforts, this compelling body of work would not be securely
housed under one roof.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lahey helped
secure Rowan Gillespie’s “The Victim” as the collection’s first work of art. In
Gillespie’s bronze, a sitting boy wrapped only in a cloak lifts his face toward
the future. The work captures both the horror and the endurance of humanity
during that time. It serves as a touchstone for all who wish to honor, preserve
and value our collective history.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-12914036780585266522015-04-17T10:29:00.000-04:002015-08-31T14:42:41.741-04:00Justice Lies Bleeding<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Wednesday
evening of April 15, 2015, at Penn State’s Hazleton campus arrived a little
warmer than predicted. Those climbing the concrete steps from the parking lot
to the Evelyn Green Academic Building didn’t need their winter coats. An arrow
on a sign reading “Irish History” directed visitors to the Greater Hazleton
Historical Society presentation of “The Irish Experience in Northeastern
Pennsylvania.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Breándan
Mac Suibhne, associate professor of history from Centenary College in
Hackettstown, New Jersey, opened the presentation attended by almost one hundred people.
Mac Suibhne examined the emergence of Ireland’s so-called “Molly Maguires,” men
banded together to fight the privations of Ireland’s Great Hunger. He discussed
an Irish schoolmaster’s claim, in 1856, of a list of alleged “Mollies”—a list
the schoolteacher shared with the local magistrate, and then received passage for
himself and his family to Australia. Mac Suibhne shared his family’s history
and their integration of the painful legacies of privation and emigration.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Then Mark
Bulik, author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sons of Molly
Maguire</i>, used the venue to discuss his understanding of Pennsylvania’s “Molly
Maguire” history. Bulik's account traces vestiges of mummery in Ireland, a
traditional British theatrical form sometimes characterized by male actors
dressed in women’s clothing, to alleged “Molly Maguire” violence in Ireland to
a transplantation of that violence to the Pennsylvania coalfields.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Both Bulik’s
presentation and his book rely on a skeleton of previous histories that
casually accept the guilt of Pennsylvania’s Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH)
men prosecuted as “Mollies.” Almost all of these previous histories accept the account of events promulgated by Pinkerton agents, in reports and trial
testimony, and in Allan Pinkerton’s fiction, a dime novel version of this
complex conflict.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
Pinkerton rendition of events from this period has controlled the entire
documentation of this history, including Martin Ritt’s film, vetted by
Pinkerton agency attorneys before its release in 1970. The Pinkerton version of
events focuses attention on trials in four anthracite region counties. Trials
actually took place in eight counties, in both the anthracite and bituminous
regions. The Pinkerton version of events portrays the Hibernians as banded
assassins. Exhaustive research into their biographies suggests Irish Catholic men
who combined compassion with an urge for political reform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In the
late 1870s, a defense attorney asked one of the few Irish defense witnesses
with the courage to take the stand his opinion of the alleged terrorist group
called the “Molly Maguires.” The witness declared them a fairy story, a tale
generated to entertain and scare listeners. The discussion at Penn State
Hazleton added a new wrinkle to an old story. This time, per Bulik, Ireland’s
alleged “Molly” terrorists wore dresses. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bulik’s
theory provides the latest red herring in the long, distorted, telling of
Pennsylvania’s “Molly Maguire” prosecutions, a telling often used to titillate
and entertain. This latest theory, as described in Bulik’s new book, derives in
part from a survey of a hundred mummers' scripts archived at the Ulster Folk and
Transport Museum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
history of the “Molly Maguire” trials in Pennsylvania’s Allegheny, Carbon,
Columbia, Fayette, Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, and Westmoreland
counties has its roots both in Ireland and in the powerful hybrid of Irish
Republicanism and American democracy. This hybrid proved so potent it required twenty-one
executions in five counties to halt its forward movement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bulik’s
theories provoke in other ways. He informed the audience that Pennsylvania’s
alleged “Molly Maguire” violence arose after an influx of famine refugees
diluted the old “middle class leadership” of Pottsville’s AOH. Bulik’s
references to alleged “Molly Maguire” crimes as “the ultimate trick or treat
gone bad” and to alleged “Mollies” as the “evil twins of the Mummers” brought expected
laughs from the audience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Many, if
not all, of Pennsylvania’s AOH men charged as “Mollies” were naturalized U.S.
citizens. The youngest among them decorated the walls of their cells with
American flags. They believed in the power of the American system of justice. Up
to the time of their executions, they refused to believe their executions could
be secured through evidence supplied by self-confessed murderers, corroborated
by testimony scripted and delivered by paid Pinkerton operatives. The juries that weighed this evidence included German farmers. Some of them spoke little English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bulik
gave a glancing reference to John Kehoe, Schuylkill County’s AOH delegate
hanged as the “King of the Mollies.” Had Bulik stretched his research a bit, he
may have discovered Kehoe’s letter to a Pottsville editor in 1875—a letter that Kehoe wrote from his position as Girardville's high constable. In it, Kehoe urged area residents “to encourage brotherly love instead of sowing seeds of
antagonism which sooner or later may lead to bloodshed.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A quote
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macbeth</i>, included in the
program’s handouts, summed up the proceedings for this observer: “… this sore
night / Hath trifled former knowledge.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bulik’s
treatment of this tragically complex social justice history—including
prosecutions that ridiculed the protection the U.S. Constitution affords its
citizens—further clouds the discussion of the social, religious, ethnic,
political, financial, and industrial issues that defined it. These issues still
beg for explication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A dimly
remembered quote from the 1870s sums up the ongoing need in the telling of this
history: “Justice lies bleeding. / Come fly to her aid.”</span></div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-60805405599420705032014-12-18T07:00:00.000-05:002017-09-04T10:37:25.881-04:00Pennsylvania's "Molly Maguires"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Irish Terrorists - or Christian Martyrs?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In January 2015 Fordham University Press will release <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sons of Molly Maguire</i>. Mark Bulik’s
upcoming work is the latest in a line that characterizes <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s alleged “Molly Maguires” as Roman
Catholic men influenced by an alleged Irish form of violent reprisal that had
its origins in alleged secret society activity.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">But historical evidence shows that all of the Irishmen
charged as Pennsylvania’s “Molly Maguires” belonged, not to a secret society, but
to the benevolent order known as the “Ancient Order of Hibernians” (AOH). Many
were county delegates.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
twenty-one AOH men hanged from 1877 to 1879, and dozens more imprisoned, moved
under a legal charter filed in 1871 with their state legislature. Their prosecutions
took place not just in five counties in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
hard coal region, but in three soft coal counties as well.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Their 1871 AOH charter included the motto “True Christian
Charity, by doing to each other, and all the world, as we would wish they
should do unto us.” The charter that governed <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s alleged “Molly Maguires”
embraced the Golden Rule. Historical evidence suggests that Hibernians charged as
“Mollies” helped draft that charter.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1874 Daniel McDermott, a hostile parish priest, covertly
accused Patrick Hester, AOH county delegate later hanged as a “Molly,” as one
of two Hibernians “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">who lobbied the
charter through the Legislature.</span>” Hester’s political acumen reinforces
this probability.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the height of the <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>
trials the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times</i> ran a
column that included this statement: “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
constitution book, it is alleged, until lately had printed in it, after the
conclusion of the by-laws, the names of the framers of the charter of the
organization. The books, as printed at present, contain no such names. It is
merely hinted that this is because some of the framers of the charter are at
present awaiting trial or sentence for murder.”</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The most likely
“framers of the charter of the organization” included county delegates Hester,
Thomas Fisher, and John Kehoe, all charged and executed as “Mollies.” All three
were charged with capital crimes that had taken place in the past—in Kehoe’s case, the
far distant past. All three asserted their innocence.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Adherence to their
Roman Catholic faith defined these men. Events proved them willing to die for
it.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kehoe, high
constable for Girardville and former hopeful for state assembly, left behind in
his prison cell a biography of St. Alphonsus Liguori, the persecuted founder of
the Redemptorist order. In spring 1878, Kehoe wrote to a friend from Pottsville
Jail: “I would sooner die than swear a wilful [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sic</i>] lie on my fellow man.”</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">On the morning of
Kehoe’s execution, at the close of the second Mass said on his behalf—celebrated
in a prison work cell transformed by six nuns—Kehoe, father of five young
children, “</span>expressed his satisfaction that the day was one of the Virgin
Mary’s feast days, for, he said, he had great confidence in her intercessory
power.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">As he approached the gallows, Kehoe wore a rosary around his neck. In one hand, he carried a blessed, lighted candle.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">AOH county delegate Fisher showed similar fortitude. In
addition to his AOH duties, Fisher served as treasurer to the Summit Hill
division of the Emerald Benevolent Association, a Roman Catholic order that had
issued a call for Catholic colleges worldwide. Shortly before Fisher’s arrest,
an area editor named him as likely successor for county tax collector.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Of course whatever is the will of God I will abide by,”
Fisher told a reporter a few days before his execution. “I am ready whenever
God calls me.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fisher died alone on the gallows at Mauch Chunk. His was the
fifteenth of twenty-one “Molly Maguire” executions—executions driven by a
corrupt industrialist, a hostile press, a hostile regional clergy, a
near-bankrupt detective agency, and a region in the grip of ethnic hatred
fueled by local nativist lodges and a vicious ethnic caricature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">An older married man, Fisher had no children. But his
nephew, J. S. Fisher, served as secretary to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Carbon</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>’s
division of the national Greenback Labor Party</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">On the gallows Fisher, as did so many condemned Hibernians, carried a crucifix before him. It was fashioned of ebony and gold. As the Coal and Iron policeman pulled the rope over his head, Fisher prayed aloud. He continued to pray as the sheriff knotted the rope around his neck.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> When hoisted, Fisher prayed until he had no breath left to pray.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">AOH county delegate Hester, grandfather and former school
director, tax collector, township supervisor, and overseer of the poor, had four
grown daughters. All four served as area schoolteachers. In February 1878,
Hester wrote to his wife “it appears to me that there was some great foul dodge
worked in this Business but Everything has to Come as God wills it.” In March,
Hester comforted his co-defendants, urging “may God prepare us for the next and
better world.” Hester asked God’s forgiveness for those who drove his arrest
and prosecution. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of his upcoming execution, Hester told his co-defendants:
“as for death, I am not afraid, for I am almost tired of this sinful world …
All that troubles me about dying is, to die of what I am not guilty of … may
God in His mercy do what is just and right to all.” Hester carried a small ivory crucifix before him on the gallows.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kehoe died rather than swear a lie against his fellows.
Fisher and Hester shared Kehoe’s fortitude. Fisher, Hester, and Kehoe all
governed younger Irish Catholic men under the charter of their benevolent
organization—a charter they likely helped draft. Their stoicism, their
willingness to die rather than perjure themselves, their utter lack of
cynicism, their steadfast faith—all prove more enduring than a century and a
half of continued attempts to portray these Hibernians as alleged “Molly
Maguires.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-39601535684917387172014-12-01T15:44:00.001-05:002017-09-04T10:44:20.477-04:00A Plea to Historians<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Search for the Facts<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mark Bulik’s upcoming work, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sons of Molly Maguire</i>, is the latest in a long line that
characterizes Pennsylvania’s Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH) men charged as “Molly
Maguires” as transplanted Irish terrorists.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Oxford University Press website gives Bulik’s theory of <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s Hibernians: “A secret society of peasant
assassins in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ireland</st1:country-region> that
re-emerged in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
hard-coal region, the Mollies organized strikes, murdered mine bosses, and fought
the Civil War draft.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the 1870s Franklin Gowen, the bombastic and delusional
railroad president who hoped to monopolize Pennsylvania’s entire hard coal
trade on a small amount of borrowed capital, was the original promoter of this
conspiracy theory: that the AOH, an Irish Catholic benevolent order
legally chartered with Pennsylvania’s state legislature, and the “Molly
Maguires,” an alleged Irish terrorist organization, were one and the same.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It looks like Bulik’s upcoming work, like so many previous
works, also ignores discoverable facts. Many of the Irish Catholic community
leaders charged as <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
“Mollies” were skilled political and labor advocates who actively promoted
nonviolence, not murder.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bulik’s upcoming work (again, from the Oxford Press website)
tells of the peasant “folk justice” of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
alleged “Mollies.” But in 1871 John Slattery, one of <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s
most prominent Hibernians charged as a “Molly,” narrowly missed an election as
associate judge for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>’s criminal court. Peasant
justice did not enter into Slattery’s Democratic candidacy for judgeship—nor into
his election as school director, his election as township supervisor, or his
colleagues’ consideration of him, in 1873, as a senatorial Labor Reform nominee.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many prominent Hibernians charged as “Mollies” were on their
way up the political ladder. The Roman Catholic ideology that shaped their AOH
charter also shaped their political and labor advocacy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In October 1875, Bernard Dolan, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>
hotelkeeper and former AOH delegate targeted as a “Molly,” publicly spoke the
AOH creed: “to assuage the sufferings of the poor laboring class …”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Prominent</st1:placename>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">AOH</st1:placename></st1:place> delegate John Kehoe,
executed as the “King of the Mollies,” publicly advocated nonviolence. Hotelkeeper,
high constable for Girardville, and 1872 contender for Democratic nomination to
state assembly, Kehoe pleaded in 1875 with area nativists thirsting for
violence “to encourage brotherly love instead of sowing seeds of antagonism
which sooner or later lead to bloodshed.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1873 Christopher Donnelly, future AOH county treasurer charged
as an alleged “Molly,” served as delegate to the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">county</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Labor</st1:placename></st1:place>
Reform convention that considered Slattery as a nominee. In <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state> in 1873, “Labor Reform” meant
removing seven-year-old boys from slate-picking rooms and placing them in
classrooms. A few months before his arrest as a “Molly,” voters elected Donnelly,
a miner, as school director for <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New
Castle</st1:place></st1:city>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At least four Hibernians charged as “Mollies” served as area
school directors. Two of them were miners. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Patrick Hester, hotelkeeper and prominent <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Northumberland</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype>
<st1:placename w:st="on">AOH</st1:placename></st1:place> delegate executed as
a “Molly,” served as school director, tax collector, township supervisor and—in
keeping with the AOH creed—overseer of the poor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Prominent</st1:placename>
<st1:placename w:st="on">Carbon</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>
Democrat Thomas Fisher, hotelkeeper and AOH delegate executed as a “Molly,” served
as township tax collector. At the time of his arrest as a “Molly,” Fisher stood
in line for election as county tax collector. During the Long Strike, Fisher advocated—with
a sympathetic priest by his side—on behalf of the mineworkers’ wage. Fisher’s
actions, too, promoted the AOH creed: “to assuage the sufferings of the poor
laboring class.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Irishmen charged as “Mollies” who sat in jails in eight <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state> counties
and swung from gallows in five used their growing political power, before their
untimely deaths, on behalf of those less fortunate.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With so much discoverable fact, it remains a mystery why contemporary
scholars, historians, and authors continue to portray Pennsylvania’s Hibernians
as members of a transplanted Irish terrorist group—the same fiction promoted by
a hostile nineteenth-century press and a near-bankrupt detective agency. Gowen
purchased this fiction to remove influential Irish Catholics from the political
and industrial arena. Gowen’s plan worked. His “Molly Maguire” prosecutions effectively
destroyed the burgeoning power of the AOH, along with the reforms that it
threatened.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We have a mandate to examine our history—however dark that
history may be. Historians who investigate Pennsylvania’s “Molly Maguires”
would be better served if they resisted the lure of sensation and nineteenth-century
nativist rhetoric, searched for discoverable facts about the Irish Catholics
persecuted in eight Pennsylvania counties, and followed the trail of those
facts—wherever that trail might lead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-68586672386388810692014-08-07T14:38:00.000-04:002014-11-05T08:39:38.310-05:00A Notice to Readers<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Kehoe Foundation</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Since its inception in June 2011, this blog has received
more than 14,000 hits worldwide. Interest has come from the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>,
and from countries throughout the world struggling with religious and ethnic
conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Irish Catholics in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region> during <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s
“Molly Maguire” conflict navigated a river of ethnic hatred. In 1871, a bemused
correspondent for the <i>Irish Times</i> noted
that “native” Americans, those born on <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region> soil, wanted Irish immigrants
only as “hewers of wood and drawers of water.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1871 the Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH), an Irish
Catholic benevolent society working under newly revised charters in <st1:state w:st="on">New
York and Pennsylvania</st1:state>, sought to enhance the standing of Irish
Catholic men. In the words of John Kehoe, AOH delegate for <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place> hanged as the “King of the
Mollies,” the order’s members comprised Irishmen “who are law-abiding and seek
the elevation of their members.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Exhaustive research shows that AOH officers charged with
“Molly Maguire” crimes in the <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>
coalfields embraced an agenda of wide-ranging reform that included political,
labor, social, and even financial initiatives. The combined efforts of these
AOH men generated a powerful hybrid—one that combined American individualism
with the AOH creed of friendship, unity, and support to those less fortunate.
In <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s
coal region, a region gripped by cruel Gilded Age practices, AOH advocacy
included labor reform to benefit mineworkers of all ethnicities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This extraordinary movement, born of American political
optimism and colored with Irish Catholic principles of equity and compassion,
never came to flower. Twenty-one AOH men charged as “Molly Maguire” terrorists
died on gallows in five counties. At least sixteen of them left behind
statements of innocence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I have spent more than a decade researching and documenting
this conflict. In October 2013, I formed the Kehoe Foundation to help support this
work. The foundation’s website is currently under construction. I’ll post its
web address here as soon as it becomes available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In a world torn with ethnic strife, the nonviolent advocacy
embraced by many of <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state>’s
nineteenth-century Irishmen condemned as “Molly Maguires” deserves a fair
hearing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anne Flaherty</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Visit the Kehoe Foundation at <a href="http://www.kehoefoundation.org/">www.kehoefoundation.org</a></span></div>
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Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-12934595886828855422014-03-02T16:12:00.000-05:002014-03-02T16:12:22.948-05:00In 1875, a Historic St. Patrick's
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In 1875, St. Patrick’s Day in Pennsylvania’s Mahanoy City
broke cold and clear. But conflict gripped the hard coal region. Festivities
that honored Ireland’s patron saint would highlight a longstanding war between Irish
priests under the authority of Archbishop James Frederick Wood and Irish Catholic
men who marched under society banners.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Long-buried accounts of those festivities help reveal this
historic truth: John Kehoe, jeered countrywide three years later as “King of
the Molly Maguires,” had a history of nonviolent leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In early 1875, three unsolved murders from the previous year
had left the press trumpeting tales of the dreaded “Molly Maguires.” The
murders had exacerbated tensions between Schuylkill County’s Irish and Welsh
residents. By March, the third month of the mineworkers’ “Long Strike,” newspapers
were also giving out lurid reports of outrages by striking mineworkers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">But Schuylkill County’s mineworkers had just returned triumphantly
from their Anti-Monopoly Convention, held in Harrisburg early that month. Their
effort against Franklin Gowen’s Philadelphia and Reading Railroad had
succeeded. Gowen, accused of gross monopoly by even conservative newsmen, wielded
monolithic power as head of the region’s “Coal Combination.” Schuylkill’s
mineworkers had successfully contested that power. They’d helped mount a legislative
challenge to Gowen’s railroad charter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Irish names studded the Anti-Monopoly roster. At least one
member of the county’s Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH), Michael Lawler, had joined
in the Harrisburg battle. Schuylkill’s Hibernians had something to celebrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">By this time, 450 men swelled the ranks of Schuylkill’s AOH
divisions. Pennsylvania’s AOH constitution, filed in 1871 with the state
legislature, named March 17 “a National Holiday of this Order, to be celebrated
by a public procession of its members.” But a hostile press continually labeled
these Irish Catholic men as “Molly Maguires.” Tensions threatened even their
St. Patrick’s Day parade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Schuylkill’s AOH parade would take place in Mahanoy City. It
would form on Main Street, led by the St. Clair Union Cornet Band. Kehoe would
march at its head. The Girardville Flute Band, from Kehoe’s home town, would
lead one division.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Reports filed by undercover Pinkerton detective James
McParlan detail tensions between the AOH and the clergy at this time. Like the
hostile press, McParlan routinely used the “Molly Maguire” smear to identify AOH
men. McParlan’s report, written before the 1875 parade, tells of Shenandoah
pastor Father O’Reilly calling down “God’s curse, and his curse … on all the
Molly Maguires, and their families, and on every one who [goes] to Mahanoy to
see the parade.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">McParlan’s reports also document the planning behind this proud
display of solidarity. One tells of AOH treasurer Christopher Donnelly, a miner
who served on New Castle’s school board, purchasing “green ribbons & fringe
for Regalia & flags” for the 1874 parade. It tells of Donnelly’s hope “to
have a grand turnout.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In 1875, despite Father O’Reilly’s curse, Schuylkill’s
Hibernians marched under the AOH banner. On that cold morning in March, members
from divisions throughout the county traveled by train to Mahanoy City. Escorts
met them and took them to Metz Hall. McParlan reported: “nearly all the Body’s [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sic</i>] of Molly Maguires were
represented.”</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlohZTtafLPGhyycC0n8x1_RyrCbdDx8I2Lzq2pu1Bt5pSbcyJFPK1cRAkJZKRIFbxSyw2oOvchoPDy6v6gpBDtvalJHhgF6Fuw6kHtgUky7mbnl1wwEL_BIiKiWN9jGAKu8a4NidrhaY/s1600/scan0009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlohZTtafLPGhyycC0n8x1_RyrCbdDx8I2Lzq2pu1Bt5pSbcyJFPK1cRAkJZKRIFbxSyw2oOvchoPDy6v6gpBDtvalJHhgF6Fuw6kHtgUky7mbnl1wwEL_BIiKiWN9jGAKu8a4NidrhaY/s1600/scan0009.jpg" height="320" width="289" /></span></a></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">McParlan’s report documented the meeting: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“County Delegate Kehoe made a speech and said that the
parade was looked upon by the Citizens of Mahanoy, as a foreboding of
bloodshed, and murder, and that he (Kehoe) wanted to inform them (the MM’s)
that if any of them got drunk, or misbehaved, he (Kehoe) would strip them of
their regalia, that he wanted to show to the Clergy and the public, that
although they bore a bad name, they were by no means deserving of it.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kehoe urged the AOH marchers: “when they were opposed to, by
any other party … they must all stand up to the mark like men, and not act like
boys.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kehoe’s words took hold. Area newspapers described their
effect: “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
much-talked of parade of the Ancient Order of Hibernians was carried out with
great </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">éclat </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">… The conduct of the large crowd was good throughout, and the
appearance of those who took part in the demonstrations, was strikingly
dignified and manly.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Subsequent events blasted Kehoe’s hopes of taming clerical
hostility. In a diocesan newspaper, a correspondent who signed himself “Obedience”
revealed the day’s unlikely denouement: a conflict with yet another Irish
priest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“Obedience” told of a flag that belonged to St. Kieran’s
parish in Heckscherville, a flag “borrowed from Father O’Brien for the St.
Patrick’s Day parade.” The AOH men had “paraded with it in Mahanoy City and
refused to return it.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“Obedience” told the fate of the flag from St. Kieran’s, carried
through Mahanoy City by Kehoe’s men on St. Patrick’s Day: “Father [O’Brien] …
succeeded in recovering the flag on the 7<sup>th</sup> of May … he burned it on
Sunday, May 9<sup>th</sup>, in presence of the congregation.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Note: This would be
the last AOH parade for some time in Schuylkill County. Arrests of AOH men for
alleged “Molly Maguire” crimes started six months later. Of the Hibernians mentioned
above, Lawler was arrested and gained immunity by testifying against fellow
Hibernians, Donnelly served many years’ imprisonment, and Kehoe was hanged.</span></i></div>
<br />
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-1011791711832631892013-12-28T12:02:00.000-05:002017-09-04T11:01:23.327-04:00What Nerved Brutus to Slay Caesar<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpzKDlQQ0Dl3moaQjv0hLjTJZ-yJ_2OsmADHERarTcsDQhCC0nZvo7pqgjTCrlGthKF5kp1q2117sxJQiBvyhLVKX5kv1O6XbsxZ8T__kCMGgNJnI-_chCUOSKnJ499QRdDOixHLTuho/s1600/MCPARLAN-JAS-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpzKDlQQ0Dl3moaQjv0hLjTJZ-yJ_2OsmADHERarTcsDQhCC0nZvo7pqgjTCrlGthKF5kp1q2117sxJQiBvyhLVKX5kv1O6XbsxZ8T__kCMGgNJnI-_chCUOSKnJ499QRdDOixHLTuho/s200/MCPARLAN-JAS-2.jpg" width="133" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Beau
Riffenburgh’s recent biography of James McParlan, titled
“Pinkerton’s Great Detective: The Amazing Life and Times of James McParland” [</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">sic</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">], documents the
life of a detective so slippery, observers cannot even agree on the spelling of
his name.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpzKDlQQ0Dl3moaQjv0hLjTJZ-yJ_2OsmADHERarTcsDQhCC0nZvo7pqgjTCrlGthKF5kp1q2117sxJQiBvyhLVKX5kv1O6XbsxZ8T__kCMGgNJnI-_chCUOSKnJ499QRdDOixHLTuho/s1600/MCPARLAN-JAS-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Young James
McParlan was noted as “J. McF” in early Pinkerton reports, known undercover in </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> as “James
McKenna,” and in later years spelled his name “James McParland.”</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Riffenburgh
visited an impressive list of archives in support of this work. But of
McParlan’s long career, Riffenburgh concludes: “… there are more questions than
answers. It is just this elusiveness that is the essence of the Great
Detective, who was, is, and will forever more remain, an enigma.”</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Was McParlan “an
enigma,” or was he simply a con man? Observers can agree on this: the truth of
McParlan’s career—and of his character—live on in the buried details of his
caseload. As that truth lived in the hearts and minds of men, long buried, who
purchased his services.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> during the
1870s, a triumvirate of disappointed gubernatorial candidates helped mount the cornerstone
of McParlan’s career: the “Molly Maguire” caseload. Three successive defeats in
six years of Democratic Party candidates with close ties to anthracite coal and
railroad interests had left that party’s conservative leaders scrambling for
purchase. The politicians who suffered these losses played both direct and indirect
roles in the subsequent “Molly Maguire” trials. Simply put, these men hanged
their political enemies.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1869 Asa
Packer, president of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, suffered the first of these
stinging defeats. A half decade later, Packer sent his attorney, Allen Craig, to
help prosecute the “Molly Maguire” caseload.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1872 Charles
Buckalew, special prosecutor during the 1877 “Molly Maguire” Rea trial, lost a
bitter campaign for the governor’s chair. One coal region editor described
Buckalew’s allegiance: “</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Charles R.
Buckalew is acknowledged to be the attorney of the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Reading</st1:place></st1:city> railroad Company.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> He was their
agent while in the Senate, and Frank Gowen’s right-hand man generally.”</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Gowen,
Buckalew’s promoter, served as president of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Philadelphia</st1:place></st1:city></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> and Reading Railroad and chief
special prosecutor during the “Molly Maguire” trials. Gowen’s company purchased
the services of both McParlan and of a score of Pinkerton operatives who
infiltrated the coalfields and the state capital at </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Harrisburg</st1:place></st1:city></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> during this volatile time.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1875 </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">’s voters
crushed the gubernatorial bid of Cyrus Pershing, the third candidate with close
ties to Gowen. The following year, Pershing served as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">’s
president judge during the “Molly” trials. According to the New York Times,
Democratic Party elder Francis Hughes “engineered” Pershing’s nomination. The
year after Pershing’s defeat, Hughes served as yet another special prosecutor
in the “Molly Maguire” trials.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">In 1871, smack
in the midst of the struggling candidacies of these coal region politicians,
tens of thousands of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">’s
Irish Catholic men organized under a new official state charter of the Ancient
Order of Hibernians (AOH). Most were also Democrats. But the political views of
these AOH men, champions of the workingmen, directly challenged those of the Gilded
Age politicians—Packer, Buckalew, Pershing and Hughes—who carried out the
“Molly Maguire” trials under Gowen’s hand.</span></div>
<div>
<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"><br /></span></st1:place></st1:state></div>
<div>
<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">This conflict in Pennsylvania</span></st1:place></st1:state><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";"> left behind more than 15 alleged "Molly Maguire" murder victims. It devastated families on all sides of the
conflict. It destroyed a nascent labor union and left a political reform
movement in tatters. It shattered the political influence of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s AOH and tainted AOH influence
countrywide. That influence threatened to grow exponentially after <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s 1871
official state chartering.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Men
caustically—and continually—disappointed in their political ambitions mounted
the “Molly Maguire” trials. Those trials pivoted around the purchased testimony
of Pinkerton detective McParlan. McParlan’s testimony declared the AOH and a
shadowy group called the “Molly Maguires” one and the same.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Riffenburgh says
of McParlan: “… most of those who have evaluated his character based on what he
did in relation to the Molly Maguires have not truly produced assessments that
withstand impartial analysis of the full facts.”</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">And yet after
almost a century and a half, historians have not yet brought forward the facts
of these frustrated politicians who helped Gowen mount his “Molly Maguire”
campaign.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">More than 135
years have passed since McParlan gave his “Molly Maguire” testimony. That
testimony sent dozens of influential Irish Catholic men to prison and more than a
score—including four AOH county delegates—to the gallows. Yet McParlan’s most
recent biographer, Riffenburgh, can declare this detective only “an enigma.”</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">If McParlan lied
in his “Molly Maguire” testimony, his long career as “Pinkerton’s Great
Detective” marks one of the most effective and murderous cons in history.</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">“‘What nerved
Brutus to slay Ceasar [</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sic</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">]?’”
defense attorney Daniel Kalbfus asked a jury of McParlan in 1876. “‘Why did
Booth kill </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lincoln</st1:place></st1:city></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">?
… ambition, that which threw Satan over the walls of heaven.’”</span></div>
<div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif";">.</span></i></div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-5068054118383159652013-12-18T17:41:00.000-05:002017-09-04T11:07:59.673-04:00For the Grace of a Happy Death<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">December 18, 2013, marked the 135</span><sup style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> anniversary of the execution of John Kehoe at Pottsville, Pennsylvania. On that day in 1878, newspapers country-wide reported the scheduled death of the “King of the Molly Maguires.”</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On that morning in 1878, an unnamed reporter for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times </i>sent to cover Kehoe’s execution also described the transformation by six nuns of the cell at Pottsville Prison used to host two final Masses said on behalf of the dying man:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Shortly after 7 o’clock this morning Father Gallagher entered Kehoe’s cell and a few minutes later began the celebration of the Mass. In one corner of the corridor, in a large, double cell used as a sort of storehouse for the shoes made by the convict laborers, the Sisters had erected a small altar. As I entered this in the dark hours of the morning, the chill look of the prison was left behind and there in a convict cell was a perfect fac-simile of a convent chapel.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The reporter described in detail the “MASS IN A PRISON CELL.” The six nuns, four from St. Patrick’s Church in Pottsville and two from the neighboring town of St. Clair, had draped every wall of the dingy storeroom with white muslin draperies. They had brought in branches of evergreen to mount against the white backdrop. They had brought in ornamental white plaster candleholders to place on the small altar. They had lighted the altar with candles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Those assembled for the two Masses that morning knelt on the room’s cold floor. Father Gallagher, dressed in vestments of gold and white, performed the first service. Two acolytes attended the priest. All prayed “for the grace of a happy death for Kehoe,” and all received Holy Communion. Father Brennan conducted the second service.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“After the last service had been concluded,” the reporter said, “Kehoe expressed his satisfaction that the day was one of the Virgin Mary’s feast days, for, he said, he had great confidence in her intercessory power.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The account in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times</i> also included the details of Kehoe’s execution, a grim affair that involved a slipped knot in the ropes and a prolonged strangulation in a snowstorm. While Kehoe struggled for breath on the gallows, Father Gallagher, stationed below him, spoke the words of the plenary indulgence. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times </i>reporter gave details, too, of that ritual: “for the indulgence to have its full effect perfect charity must exist, and there must be in the heart and mind of the man a destruction of all affection, not only to grievous sins but also to venial or lighter ones.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kehoe, Schuylkill County delegate to the Ancient Order of Hibernians, had been twice elected high constable of Girardville and was named, in 1872, as a nominee to Pennsylvania’s State Assembly. He left behind a wife and five children. At the time of his death, Kehoe was 41 years old.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times </i>account from the day of the execution contained no byline. A year and a half previously, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times </i>reporter who signed himself simply “C. CATH.” had interviewed Kehoe at length in his cell at Pottsville Prison.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fifteen months after the unnamed Philadelphia reporter witnessed Kehoe’s execution in the snowstorm at Pottsville, C. Cathcart Taylor, city editor for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times</i>, committed suicide at his home in Philadelphia. At the time of his death, Taylor was 34 years old. Whether Taylor had witnessed the two Masses said in the prison cell and Kehoe’s subsequent death on the gallows is not known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kehoe’s body was transported by train to his home in Girardville. His burial took place at St. Jerome’s cemetery in Tamaqua, Schuylkill County. Two of Kehoe’s in-laws, victims of an 1875 vigilante attack, also lay buried in the cemetery there that overlooked the town.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A carved hand grasping a cross and a bloom of spring flowers decorates Kehoe’s gravestone. Its inscription reads:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Sacred to the memory of John Kehoe</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A native of the County Wicklow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ireland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Died Dec. 18, 1878,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Aged 41 Years, 5 Mos. & 15 Ds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">May his soul rest in peace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whilst in this silent grave I sleep,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My soul to God I give to keep.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-31724388700148036262013-11-25T13:55:00.000-05:002013-12-11T12:24:32.002-05:00Promise Denied and Promise Renewed<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ot8aGRNR4H7tBDuG-ykw8UITJRy4tWSGxZWLYB-1a9AEb21ORqPMFZgIVHPJe99f72wlQwzsn6h8d3mZ8PI1MwttE0nJ08drYKaH3uk2ZoZiOQJ6zfhEzklsCkoX-YrRH8QRN8PzY0c/s1600/scan0010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ot8aGRNR4H7tBDuG-ykw8UITJRy4tWSGxZWLYB-1a9AEb21ORqPMFZgIVHPJe99f72wlQwzsn6h8d3mZ8PI1MwttE0nJ08drYKaH3uk2ZoZiOQJ6zfhEzklsCkoX-YrRH8QRN8PzY0c/s320/scan0010.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“Well, the sun is surely sinking down,” James Taylor sang
from the glass pavilion of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &
Museum on November 22, 2013. Visitors gathered in Stephen Smith Hall heard <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Taylor</st1:city></st1:place>’s tribute via live
broadcast. “But the moon is slowly rising.”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Library’s
commemorative events that day also included a new exhibit called “A Nation Remembers.”
This video tribute opened with a 50-year-old broadcast from radio station WGBH,
captured during the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s performance of a
Rimsky-Korsakov opera score.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Thirty minutes into that afternoon’s program in 1963, music director
Erich Leinsdorf interrupted. “Ladies and gentlemen,” Leinsdorf told the matinee
audience, “we have a press report over the wires. We hope that it is
unconfirmed, but we have to doubt it. The president of the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> has been the victim
of an assassination.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Gasps of disbelief filled Symphony Hall. Leinsdorf
continued: “We will play the funeral march from Beethoven’s Third Symphony.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The country, as so many later observed, had changed forever.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Veteran newsman Robert MacNeil, in Dallas that day to cover
Kennedy’s speech and parade through the city, recalled the vivid sense of
promise that colored the parade’s beginning: in MacNeil’s recollection, the “resplendent”
presidential couple descending to the tarmac at Love Field, the strawberry-pink
suit the first lady wore, the sheaf of blood-red roses she carried, the hand
reaching through the fence to break off a souvenir bloom from the bouquet.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">That morning in <st1:city w:st="on">Fort Worth</st1:city>, the
President had cheered “no faint hearts in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Fort
Worth</st1:city></st1:place>.” He had spoken of the need for all <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
citizens to “assume the burdens of leadership.” Kennedy’s speech given five
months before at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">American</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> had called for
a “genuine peace … the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living …” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The presidential party left Love Field on November 22 at
11:40 a.m. The motorcade reached <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Dealey</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">Plaza</st1:placetype></st1:place> just minutes before
its planned destination. The three shots sounded as it turned onto <st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">Elm Street</st1:address></st1:street>, past
the Texas School Book Depository.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The rest lives in collective memory: the Secret Service
agent spread-eagled over the back of the convertible, the message sent to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Parkland</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Hospital</st1:placetype></st1:place> to stand by for “a severe
shotgun wound.” And then Walter Cronkite’s announcement.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">It was for many Americans, said a BBC commentator on the
50th anniversary, “as though hope itself had died.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">But in <st1:city w:st="on">Dallas</st1:city> for the 50<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>th</sup>
anniversary memorial, where shots had reverberated through <st1:placename w:st="on">Dealey</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Plaza</st1:placetype>,
young naval officers resplendent in dress uniform sang “<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> the
Beautiful.” The early afternoon light glinted off their white caps. The tenor
line of the song rose and fell, floating over the heads of the assembled crowd.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On the grassy knoll, Mayor Michael Rawlings unveiled a new
monument inscribed with words from a speech Kennedy had prepared for the Dallas
Trade Mart, a speech that was never delivered. In it, Kennedy spoke of the
essential need for righteousness to underlie strength: “‘except the Lord keep
the city, the watchman waketh but in vain.’”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In Kennedy’s 1963 Civil Rights Address to the country, he
spoke of “a moral issue,” one “as old as the scriptures and … as clear as the
American Constitution …” Kennedy’s brand of Hibernian optimism and inclusion continues
to animate today. A young student vibrant with energy told a BBC newsman on the
anniversary date of the assassination that Kennedy’s call to action is “as
relevant today as it was in the sixties.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“So close your eyes,” <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Taylor</st1:city></st1:place>
sang for those who heard the Kennedy Library tribute. “You can close your
eyes, it’s all right. … I can sing this song. And you can sing this song when
I’m gone.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
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<!--StartFragment--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">In February 2014, Anne Flaherty will present a
three-lecture course titled “Pennsylvania’s ‘Molly Maguires’: Prosecution or
Witch Hunt?” through the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) program at
American University.</span></i><!--EndFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-62030077824776484912013-09-05T10:21:00.000-04:002013-09-10T15:04:13.720-04:00The Rhyming of Hope and History<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfk_88lLB2vopHVoSdneycwpyzVpEKZENzCOIVoWsfcWhg1lvgHHC9YntUeERYQKYD9R8Pguqd5XRDbLMDtxRqRZY1W7gqXaiV8I9do80GAVILW8C8xiN0C19nay6-THao07f9HvjT1s8/s1600/scan0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfk_88lLB2vopHVoSdneycwpyzVpEKZENzCOIVoWsfcWhg1lvgHHC9YntUeERYQKYD9R8Pguqd5XRDbLMDtxRqRZY1W7gqXaiV8I9do80GAVILW8C8xiN0C19nay6-THao07f9HvjT1s8/s320/scan0001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Seamus Heaney, beloved poet and chronicler of the conflict
in Northern Ireland, passed away on August 30.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“He turned our disgrace into grace …” said Fintan O’Toole in
the <em>Irish Times</em>. Eileen Battersby, describing this “moment of profound
universal grief,” said: “It has been many, many years, probably not since the
death of Tolstoy at a railway station master’s hut, has the announcement of a
death of a writer caused such a cohesive, collective and universal sorrow.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Mourners spoke of Heaney’s wit, of his sagacity—and,
continually, of his profound humanity. They spoke of the stacks of mail that
appeared on his desk; mail he made every effort to answer, though such
diligence further crowded his own, already daunting, schedule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">I was one of those supplicants. In the mid-1990s, at a
sister’s insistence, I sent Heaney a sheaf of poetry. I did not expect a
response. The Nobel committee had just awarded <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ireland</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s chief poet its prize for
literature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">But respond he did, apologizing for “the brevity” of his
note. “Your poems were waiting among a mountain of other material – and other
poems <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">–</span> when I got here yesterday,” this kind man said. “I am in Harvard now only
for a couple of days.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">He continued: “I was touched, of course, to hear an echo of
‘The Singer’s House,’ and pleased by the tension and reticence of the writing
in general. …” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The poem he referenced, a poem that echoed one of his own,
I’d written for the child of a distant acquaintance who was born with a
deformity: a child born without ears.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On Heaney's death <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ireland</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s
president, Michael Higgins, paid tribute to the poet's legacy. "Generations of Irish people will have been familiar with Seamus's poems. Scholars all over the world will have
gained from the depth of the critical essays, and so many rights
organisations will want to thank him for all the solidarity he gave to the
struggles within the republic of conscience.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Heaney memorialized the universal sorrow of conflict. In
“Funeral Rites,” his women left behind in empty kitchens resembled women I’d
researched; women who’d survived this country’s “Molly Maguire” conflict. His
“tight gag of place / And times” from “Whatever You Say, Say Nothing” described
what I’d glimpsed of the conflict in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s
hard coal fields—and of the troubled, contentious, controversial telling of its
history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The poem I wrote that echoed Heaney’s “The Singer’s House” is titled
“Swimmer.” I offer it here in honor and memory of this great and singular man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Swimmer<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">the child who was born
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">without ears<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">without ears<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">I hope he is with<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the souls <o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of the drowned souls<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">swimming in Gweebarra<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transfigured into
seals<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">their sleek heads <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">skimming the waves<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">listening for the
sound<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of the singer <o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on the shore <o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A. Flaherty</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-72435317268303236842013-05-30T07:50:00.000-04:002013-08-28T14:22:49.033-04:00The Pilot Names a Name<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNhGimsqwMaQ_BhlRj_D4drTzXq54Acx9X1OXhpVmUi94xW5D_8JzHelDRWfMgC77K-hb4dsgLYK8fpU_YAK9GZOJxYS4bwtztZOpMFXmee8BJ5Ke6i8vKc_PesYmST53ocDj33KWxaQ/s1600/ThePilotED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNhGimsqwMaQ_BhlRj_D4drTzXq54Acx9X1OXhpVmUi94xW5D_8JzHelDRWfMgC77K-hb4dsgLYK8fpU_YAK9GZOJxYS4bwtztZOpMFXmee8BJ5Ke6i8vKc_PesYmST53ocDj33KWxaQ/s320/ThePilotED.jpg" ssa="true" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Why did a Roman Catholic diocesan newspaper published in Boston encourage a smear in 1874 against a specific officer of Pennsylvania’s Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH)—a businessman,
a family man, an articulate advocate for progressive reform?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">How did certain letters—first appearing a week and a half before Pinkerton operative James McParlan entered Pennsylvania’s anthracite coal
fields—find their way into the Catholic <i>Pilot</i>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">+++++++++++++++++++++</span> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On October 18, 1873, <i>The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>published a letter. This correspondence allegedly originated from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Mahanoy City</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pinkerton operative McParlan, if reports can be believed, entered <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s hard coal region a week and a half after this letter appeared in print.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot </i>headlined its article: “‘Molly Maguires.’ The Modocs of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state></st1:place> – A Reign of Terror.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>The</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot's </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">editor</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>advised: “The following letter, which we copy from the <i>Boston Globe</i> will be interesting to our readers.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The letter described Pennsylvania's “Molly Maguires” as “an organized body of desperadoes, the membership ranging between 500 and 1000, the operations of which extend throughout the coal regions, from Northumberland to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Luzerne</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Those numbers tallied with membership numbers for AOH men in the hard coal region at that time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“[C]itizens have been afraid to appear upon the streets,” the letter said, “so powerful and murderous were the intents of the Mollies.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Seven months later,<i> The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot </i>printed a second letter, this one allegedly from <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Scranton</st1:place></st1:city>. This named a prominent Schuylkill County Hibernian by name.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“The ‘Molly Maguires.’ A Shocking State of Affairs,” <i>The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot</i> headlined this article. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“The ‘Mollies’ number about 2000 in the <st1:place w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:place> region. The leaders are many, but the most prominent one is said to be a man by the name of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Barney Dolan</span>, who lives near Locust Gap. Citizens, business men, coal operators, and miners have either been driven from the regions or brutally assassinated on the highways.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bernard (Barney) Dolan, hotelkeeper and one-time Democratic candidate for prothonotary, preceded John Kehoe as AOH delegate for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A year and a half after <i>The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot’s </i>article appeared, Dolan wrote to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miners’ Journal</i> in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pottsville</st1:place></st1:city>. Dolan’s letter appeared during the violence-scarred fall of 1875, in the midst of a hotly contested gubernatorial contest. In it, he described the voting habits of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>’s AOH men. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“God gave them the faculties to reason,” Dolan said, “and discern right from wrong, and being possessed of these faculties they exercise them upon all occasions, and never more so than do they at the ballot box. They go there unprejudiced and unbiased, vote for men whose ‘character cannot be successfully assailed’—men who will devote their time to secure the welfare of the Commonwealth, and assuage the sufferings of the poor laboring class, who they consider their brothers in toil.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Over the course of the 1870s, <i>The </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pilot</i> came to offer more balanced coverage. At the time of AOH officer Patrick Hester’s <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">scheduled</span> execution as an alleged "Molly Maguire," it came strongly to Hester’s defense.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">But why, initially, did this Roman Catholic diocesan newspaper published in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:city> encourage this smear against Dolan, an AOH county delegate from Pennsylvania's hard coal region?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Note to readers: all quotes (including spelling discrepancies, misspellings, grammatical errors) are verbatim.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><em><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">This
post, first published on May 30, 2013, was the sixth in a series of six offered
in support of a lecture series given by A. Flaherty through the OLLI program at
UMass, Boston.<o:p></o:p></span></span></em></span></span><br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Flaherty’s next
presentation, beginning September 16, 2013, will be held through the OLLI
program at Penn State University, State College, PA.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-35778719091507897112013-05-15T08:07:00.001-04:002013-06-27T12:07:32.269-04:00The Enduring Power of Prejudice<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“MOLLY MAGUIRE PRISONERS. IF 100 BULLETS WONT FINISH YOU 1000 WILL.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On February 6, 1875, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper </i>published this cartoon. Leslie’s artist, Joseph Becker, traveled from <st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state> to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Pottsville</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:state></st1:place>, to pen a number of these drawings. Two local murders from the previous fall had left the public unsettled, an easy target for Becker’s "Molly Maguire" cartoons. Becker’s drawings appeared in print one month after the Long Strike of area mineworkers began and one month before Schuylkill’s workingmen traveled to <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Harrisburg</st1:place></st1:city> as delegates to the Anti-Monopoly Convention held there.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A letter written from Pottsville Prison in spring 1878 by John Kehoe, alleged “King of the Mollies,” begins: “Thinking over the Cruelties that has Befallen me, By Bribery Perjury and Pregudise …”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In an interview given the previous June, Kehoe had told his opinion of Pinkerton operative James McParlan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kehoe accused McParlan of encouraging murder, of instigating murder, of condoning murder and of committing murder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">When asked why a Pinkerton operative would encourage such criminality, Kehoe said “it served his purpose to let murder go on, so that he could more readily arouse the prejudices of the community and thus break up the organization by hanging a lot of innocent men.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In the terrible fall of 1875, when eleven violent deaths within as many months had rocked <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s hard coal region, Kehoe wrote to the editor of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shenandoah Herald</i>. This editor, Thomas Foster, ascribed the region’s “Reign of Terror” to an alleged group of Irish assassins Foster called the “Molly Maguires.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“We are thoroughly aware that lawless acts have been committed during the past few months,” Kehoe told Foster, “but does the ‘Reign of Terror’ facilitate a return to quietness and good feeling? I am deeply interested in this matter, for I am under the impression, which has been conveyed to my mind from the remarks of various journals, that with <i>them</i> ‘Mollie Maguireism’ is made synonymous with the Ancient Order of Hibernians, which is a chartered organization, recognized by the commonwealth, and composed of men who are law-abiding and seek the elevation of their members.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Kehoe again counseled nonviolence in a letter written that same month to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miners’ Journal </i>about a local rabble-rouser who called himself “<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Americus</st1:city></st1:place>.” Of this “<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Americus</st1:place></st1:city>,” who also called for vigilantism against all alleged “Mollies,” Kehoe advised “it would be more charitable for him or any other correspondent to encourage brotherly love instead of sowing seeds of antagonism which sooner or later lead to bloodshed.”</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In the trial of Hibernians Patrick Hester, Patrick Tully and Peter McHugh for the murder of Alex Rea, defense attorney John Ryon pleaded with the jury. “[I]n spite of all our care," Ryon said, "innocent men are sometimes wrongfully convicted. One conviction of an innocent man goes far to destroy confidence in the judicial power of this county.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“You are the guardians of human truth and human lives,” Ryon told the jury in Bloomsburg, “and upon you and in your hands are the lives of these three men.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Attorney Daniel Kalbfus, in the defense of Michael Doyle for the murder of John P. Jones, told the jury: “He is an American citizen, and is innocent until he is found guilty.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kalbfus begged the jury in Mauch Chunk to set aside their prejudices. “If it was not necessary,” he said, “why do they appeal to your passions and prejudices, and why did the DA in opening the case say that he would prove to you that the prisoner belonged to an organization known as the Mollie Maguires, an organization whose deeds are too diabolical for conception, and that they require Doyle to be hung as one of that order.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Attorney Lin Bartholomew said in defense of Doyle: “For weeks the Coal and Iron Company has been in pursuit of the Molly Maguires … They have given time and money to ferret out the members of that dreaded organization and to crush it because it interferes with their own pecuniary interests. They have caught these men, they imagine them to be Mollies, and in order to crush them and the organization they bring over a hundred witnesses …”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">By the time the attorneys addressed these juries, the “Molly Maguire” label had acquired a frightening power. Juries found all of the above-named defendants guilty. Judges condemned all four men to death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">How did such a cartoonish label come to acquire such a frightening power—a power that for a certain length of time could automatically sentence men to death?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Note to readers: all quotes (including spelling discrepancies, misspellings, grammatical errors) are verbatim.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Coming Next: The Pilot Names a Name</span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">This
post, first published on May 15, 2013, was the fifth in a series of six offered
in support of a lecture series given by A. Flaherty through the OLLI program at
UMass, Boston.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span><br />
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Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-70603558635009077322013-05-08T09:18:00.000-04:002013-06-27T12:14:12.273-04:00Did McParlan Lie?<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">This illustration from Allan Pinkerton’s novel about the so-called "Molly Maguires" gives a likeness of John Kehoe and James McParlan. Kehoe, dressed in a dark suit and topcoat, holds a top hat in his hands. McParlan, standing to Kehoe’s right, wears the clothes of a workingman. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">John Kehoe, alleged “King of the Mollies,” held clearly defined views on the Pinkerton operative, James McParlan, who helped hang 21 Hibernians in five <st1:placetype w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:placetype> coal counties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kehoe expressed these views in an interview given from Pottsville Prison a week after the mass hanging of six Hibernians there. They hanged the Irishmen in pairs, two at a time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Prison officials hanged one of Kehoe’s in-laws at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pottsville</st1:place></st1:city> on June 21, 1877. James Carroll, an Ancient Order secretary and the father of four small children, was married to Anne O’Donnell, a cousin to Kehoe’s wife Mary Ann.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kehoe rarely gave interviews. The shock of the recent executions may have shaken his reserve. He spoke in this instance with a reporter from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Times</i>. The reporter noted of Kehoe’s interview that his “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">closeness and cohesiveness of stating his views … would do credit to a lawyer’s brief</span>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“Before McParlan came,” Kehoe said, “they tried to make the detectives keep taverns among us. But they couldn’t find out anything because there was nothing to find out. And then they sent McParlan, who was an Irishman and perhaps a Catholic, and they instructed him to join the society and encourage and commit crime, and when he should get enough into the snare he was to begin hanging them on his own evidence and that of others whom he threatened to hang, and who, to save their necks, would lie on their fellows. After he came among us there were several murders committed, some of which he encouraged, and all of which, if he had been a true man, he could have prevented.”<br /><br />Kehoe went on at length. As to McParlan’s purpose, the Hibernian said: “it served [McParlan’s] purpose to let murder go on, so that he could more readily arouse the prejudices of the community and thus break up the organization by hanging a lot of innocent men.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">By “the organization,” Kehoe meant the Ancient Order of Hibernians. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kehoe blamed McParlan for the region’s so-called “Reign of Terror.” “I could fill your paper five times over,” he said, “telling of the actual participation of this man in the crimes for which he now condemns others. He even went through the county in carriages looking for men to go and shoot other men. This I have from those who were in the carriages with him.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The reporter evidently questioned Kehoe about McParlan’s motive. Kehoe’s response? “His motive must have been pride in his ability to ferret out crime and the well-greased purse-strings of Franklin B. Gowen.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AOH defense attorney Martin L'Velle echoed Kehoe's convictions about Allan Pinkerton's star operative. During the "Molly Maguire" trials, L'Velle told a jury: "from 1865 to 1873 there was no such thing as a murder case in Schuylkill County, not until the emissary of death, James McParlan, made his advent into this county, and crime since then has been in the ascendant."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Note to readers: all quotes (including spelling discrepancies, misspellings, grammatical errors) are verbatim.</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Coming Next: The Enduring Power of Prejudice</span></div>
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<em></em><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">This
post, first published on May 8, 2013, was the fourth in a series of six offered
in support of a lecture series given by A. Flaherty through the OLLI program at
UMass, Boston.</span></i></span></div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-41264096357988603252013-05-01T09:17:00.000-04:002013-06-27T12:10:43.964-04:00Who Should Tell Our History?<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">By A. Flaherty<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">John Kehoe’s granddaughters first brought me to the “Molly Maguire” research. Before I began this work in earnest, other events fanned my interest.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Decades ago, before Amazon.com came into being, a neighbor picked up a book at a yard sale for a dollar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A small, thick book bound in dull, red cloth. So old, the cloth had worn thin.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Published in “MDCCCLXXXVII.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">1887.
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"The Molly Maguires and The Detectives,” its title page read. “By Allan Pinkerton, author of ‘The Expressman and the Detectives,’ ‘The Model Town and the Detectives,’ ‘The Spiritualists and the Detectives,’ Etc., Etc. New and Enlarged Edition.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Family members looked over this book with the proprietary air of a mother cat with a kitten. But interest in Allan Pinkerton’s “penny dreadful” quickly turned to disgust.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">What was this? This was nothing but a dime novel. Its lurid descriptions of gangs of drunken, illiterate Irish thugs rampaging across the countryside to commit “murder and rapine” bore no resemblance whatever to the conversations held late at night by Kehoe’s descendants—individuals close to the source of this conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We knew that Wayne Broehl Jr., an academic historian, had used Pinkerton’s novel to fill in gaps in his authoritative history. Broehl had relied on Pinkerton reports for the balance of his telling. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We realized that history—our country’s history, and Ireland's—was being told, in this instance, through the lens of a dime novel commissioned by Franklin Gowen, the railroad magnate whose Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company had helped fund the “Molly Maguire” prosecutions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pinkerton supplied Gowen with numerous operatives to aid in these prosecutions. The year after Gowen hired Pinkerton to oversee the “Molly Maguire” case, Pinkerton, president of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, went into the publishing business. His specialty was dime novels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The year after Gowen hired Pinkerton, Pinkerton officially hired a staff of writers and artists—and went into the business of writing fiction. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Broehl told the “Molly Maguire” story as Pinkerton portrayed it, in both his novel and his detectives’ reports. Both Broehl and Pinkerton discussed prosecutions in four counties: Carbon, <st1:city w:st="on">Columbia</st1:city>, Northumberland, and <st1:place w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">If Broehl had tracked the newspaper coverage, he would have discovered a widely ranging campaign against dozens more Irish Catholic men—a campaign that flowed north to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Luzerne</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place> and westward to the counties of Allegheny, Fayette, and Westmoreland. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Wherever the benevolent order called the “Ancient Order of Hibernians” had strength in <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>, the Pinkertons conducted their so-called “Molly Maguire” campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pinkerton’s dime novel—and Broehl’s retelling of these events—both dramatically undersold the true scope of the Pinkerton Agency’s efforts against the Hibernians.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Both Pinkerton’s dime novel and Broehl’s authoritative history relied heavily for their telling on the reports of Pinkerton operative James McParlan. The credibility of the prosecution’s entire caseload—and the subsequent telling of the “Molly Maguire” history—rested heavily on one remarkably fragile support: the credibility of McParlan’s reports.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Coming Next: Did McParlan Lie?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">This post, first published on May 1, 2013, was the third in
a series of six offered in support of a lecture series given by A. Flaherty
through the OLLI program at UMass, Boston.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
</span></span></div>
Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5224545166430062806.post-61910669261158060922013-04-14T13:37:00.000-04:002017-09-04T12:23:39.488-04:00The "Mollies" Were (Also) Labor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt5ih6gWegcZsfBBYK5pB6JG94IkyJEQnrQL-m9ZdwHQI21RGOArJ24VWRck63lOvxHdWDJLnNYiMAeTqK4I_rIXMO5eelwglXCJMj3ufsPGpocjc2qogOkfuBrj5rfry30P-lLNMP2h8/s1600/harpers-miners-mt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" bua="true" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt5ih6gWegcZsfBBYK5pB6JG94IkyJEQnrQL-m9ZdwHQI21RGOArJ24VWRck63lOvxHdWDJLnNYiMAeTqK4I_rIXMO5eelwglXCJMj3ufsPGpocjc2qogOkfuBrj5rfry30P-lLNMP2h8/s400/harpers-miners-mt.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Kevin Kenny, the most recently published academic author on the “Molly Maguire” prosecutions, denies the participation of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s Ancient Order of Hibernian (AOH) men who were prosecuted as "Molly Maguires" in organized labor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Making Sense of the Molly Maguires</i>, Kenny states: “The leaders of the defeated WBA continued to voice their condemnation of the Molly Maguires as the trials proceeded. Only one, minor official of the WBA was ever implicated in a Molly Maguire crime. Cornelius T. McHugh, the erstwhile president of the WBA branch in Summit Hill, was accused of being involved in the assassination of Morgan Powell. … Other than McHugh, no trade union leader was ever indicted for a Molly Maguire crime.” <span style="font-family: "georgia";">[“WBA” represents “Workingmen's Benevolent Association,” the regional mineworkers' union.]</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia";">Extensive research suggests otherwise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Extensive research shows that not one but at least three of the AOH officers charged with “Molly Maguire” crimes had served as WBA divisional presidents. A fourth Hibernian, Michael Lawler, WBA delegate from Shenandoah’s District Six, served as one of four signatories to the articles of “arbitration by umpire” drafted by the Miners’ and Laborers’ Benevolent Association (MLBA) at their spring 1871 Grand Council meeting in Mauch </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Chunk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lawler, an alleged “Molly Maguire,” signed and help broker this agreement—one of U.S. history's early collective bargaining agreements.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A</span> Shenandoah reporter traveled to the historic meeting in Mauch Chunk. “Quite a number of the prominent leaders of the W. B. A. of Schuylkill, Northumberland and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Columbia</st1:place></st1:city> counties were on the train,” he said. “Messrs. Michael Lawler of District No. 6, and John Morgan of No. 7, were also among the passengers and in the company of these gentlemen, exchanging opinions on the situation, gleaning intelligence as to the feelings of the men and surmising the probable action of the General Council.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Seven years later, in a letter written from Pottsville Prison, John Kehoe exhorted a friend to contact, among others, “John W. Morgan” on behalf of Kehoe’s upcoming pardon hearing. These men—these “prominent leaders” of the WBA, union delegates Lawler and Morgan (later a state representative), and Kehoe—these men were all friends together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shenandoah Herald </i>described the men who traveled by train to Mauch Chunk for the Grand Council proceedings—the group that included Kehoe’s friend Morgan and his fellow AOH officer, Lawler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“A majority of the members of the present Council are young men,” the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Herald </i>said, “and are certainly, as a whole, the most intelligent and respectable body of representative miners we have ever seen together, with a few exceptions there is no such thing as gas or blow to be heard from them and from their earnest, serious bearing it is very evident that they appreciate the responsibilities attending their position.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Philadelphia Press </i>reported the Grand Council’s proceedings. “The Coal Troubles Over,” it said. “Resumption in the <st1:place w:st="on">Schuylkill</st1:place> Region. The Articles of Arbitration. Judge Elwell to Determine the Question of Wages.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A “Committee” of four signed the above-named articles “on behalf of the parties hereto.” Their numbers included “Morgan, Pres’t <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pro tem</i>, W.B.A.,” and “Michael Lawler.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><o:p>+++++++++++++++++++++</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Further research reveals yet more clues. One clip from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pottsville Standard</i> shows that two alleged “Molly Maguires” served, at different times, as WBA divisional trade union president for District Ten, Tuscarora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">John Slattery, arrested as a “Molly Maguire,” served as that district’s first president. In 1877, a fellow divisional president, John Donohoe (also Donahue, Donohue) was hanged as a “Molly Maguire.” In 1872, Donohoe wrote to the <em>Pottsville Standard </em>to endorse Slattery’s bid for the office of register. <span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Alleged “Molly Maguire” </span>Donohoe signed his letter, a resolution from WBA’s District Ten, Tuscarora, “John Donohoe, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">President</i>.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Donohoe wrote: “Mr. Slattery <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">was one of the most active in organizing this district of the W.B.A., at a time when unionism met with formidable opposition from those whose interest it was to crush it in its infancy</span>, and … he was our <i>first</i> President and first member who represented us on the County Executive Board and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is yet </i>a member in good standing …”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">From the scant evidence that remains of this history, not one but three Hibernians: McHugh, Slattery, and Donohoe, have leapt up as WBA divisional leaders. A fourth, Lawler, helped broker—and signed, with Morgan, as two of four signatories—the historic Mauch Chunk collective bargaining agreement. The commonwealth hanged Donohoe as a “Molly.” Lawler, McHugh, and Slattery, all arrested as “Mollies,” served as prosecution witnesses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Kenny states: “the trade union and the Molly Maguires were clearly very different modes of labor organization. The Mollys differed sharply from the trade union in their cultural origins, their inchoate organization, and their strategy of direct violent action.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">But further research gives further strong evidence to the contrary. In testimony given during the Morgan Powell trial, it came to light that Thomas Fisher, AOH delegate for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Carbon</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place>, had met sometime in 1875 with Charles Parrish, president of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Their discussion took place in the Mansion House in Mauch Chunk. Fisher argued passionately on behalf of the mineworkers’ wages. Father James Brehony, one of very few labor priests in this story, sat at Fisher’s side to help press the mineworkers’ claims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Two years later, the commonwealth hanged Fisher as a “Molly Maguire.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">During the midst of the Long Strike, a young Hibernian named Hugh McGehan led a parade of four hundred miners through the town of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tamaqua</st1:place></st1:city>. McGehan marched with his miner’s pick on his shoulder—like a lance in a medieval fairy tale. A hostile local paper reported: “everything passed off quietly, and the men dispersed, without even threatening any one.” Eight months later, an unknown assassin targeted McGehan as he returned home from the small tavern where he kept a restaurant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Two years after McGehan headed the parade through Tamaqua, the commonwealth hanged him as an alleged “Molly Maguire.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">As so many historians over the decades have claimed, <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s “Molly Maguires” were labor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">If that had been the extent of their influence, these Hibernians may have ended their lives at the bottom of mine shafts, victims of the mysterious “accidents” that marked Pennsylvania’s coal region during these days. (Kehoe’s brother, Joseph, died in one such incident. So did a Hibernian named Edward Coyle).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">But the influence of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:place></st1:state>’s Hibernians prosecuted as “Mollies” extended well beyond trade unionism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Coming Next: Who Should Tell Our History?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This
post was the second in a series of six
offered in support of a lecture series given by A. Flaherty through the OLLI
program at UMass, Boston.</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">
</span>Anne Flahertyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10730026785950272312noreply@blogger.com0